Traumatic Brain Injury and Recidivism among Returning Inmates

In recent years, there has been a surge in research that examines the relationship between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and involvement in the criminal justice system. However, the bulk of this research has been largely retrospective and descriptive, comparing rates of TBI in the offending population with the rates of TBI in the general population. Although findings from these studies indicate a higher prevalence of TBI in the offending population, virtually no studies have examined whether those with TBI are more likely to recidivate. To address this gap, the present study examined rearrest post release from prison among a cohort sample of Indiana inmates who were screened using the Ohio State University Traumatic Brain Injury Identification (OSU-TBI-ID) instrument. Findings indicate that, net of control variables, those with TBI were more likely to recidivate sooner than those without TBI. Policy implications and directions for future research are discussed

Procedures for Setting Up a Remedial Reading Program in the Secondary Schools

The need for a more comprehensive education in the secondary school is a need which no one will deny; and as reading is the primary means through which most formal education takes place, the need for expert readers is ever-present. The tragedy of so many high school students graduating without having mastered the skill of reading reminds us that schools are not succeeding in its task of educating. One important area where secondary schools can improve their attempts at reaching the students who are passing through without learning is to set up a reading program designed to help those students master their ability to read and learn. Setting up a reading program is not an easy task, however, and quite often it is a task that never gets done. Administrators push for a program, indeed, they often clamor for a program; still·nothing ever gets done outside of the English teacher attending a summer workshop. to learn how a reading program should be set up. The returning English teacher, with a handful of notes, a few addresses of publishers, and some confused notions how to get a reading program started, is content to incorporate more reading into his classes. This is not enough, however. A reading program must be set up separate from other content area courses. The demand of creating a new and different class is a challenge that can be met by the hapless English teacher, or by any other teacher who gets assigned to this project. The teacher will have to have some imagination, perseverance, and strength; the rest will fall into place if he follows some important steps, steps recommended by the reading researchers, experts, and experienced teachers. Each of the steps provide for the needs of the reading program, administrators, fellow teachers, parents, and ultimately for the students themselves. The steps include surveying the reading status of the school to determine the type of program that should be set up, whether it should be a developmental, critical, or remedial reading program. The second step is to schedule a reading program into the existing programs of the school\u27s curriculum. The program can take many shapes in order to fit into the school\u27s plan and to meet the needs of the students. Once the program has been slated for the coming term, the teacher can begin to set up a classroom that will serve as the purposes of the program. This does not mean the teacher will need much money, but it does mean he will have to have organization and be very resourceful. As soon as the physical demands of the class are met, the content of the course can be decided upon. The teacher may decide among skills that should be taught, textbooks that will best prepare the students for the reading skills they must learn, and drills that best reinforce the skills actually taught. The program, now ready to begin, must have a standard by which its effectiveness may be judged. The teacher may determine how he will evaluate his program, either through a series of tests, through records, through grades, or through the visit of a reading specialist who may of fer helpful suggestions for improving the program. Each of these steps, when followed methodically and with much thought, will provide the teacher the greatest amount of success in helping those students who are now unable to read the simplest assignments

The Forgotten Front: Gender, Labor, and Politics in Camas, Washington, and the Northwest Paper Industry, 1913-1918

Southwest Washington labor history has received little examination by scholars. Focusing mainly on Seattle, Everett, Centralia, and Spokane, historians view Southwest Washington, a traditionally conservative community, to be of little importance in the state\u27s overall historical narrative. This thesis corrects that assumption and the omission of Southwest Washington. The failure of the unionization effort in Camas impacted organization in Pacific Northwest paper mills for nearly a decade. Although workers failed to sustain their union, the events in Camas between 1913 and 1918 present an excellent new laboratory and case study to explore the intersection of gender, labor, and politics. Despite rough edges and sometimes missing voices within the extant record of the time, this thesis suggests the potential for historians to dig deep into the archives, produce original scholarship, and tell a forgotten story. This work is also ambitious, striving to examine the role gender, labor, and leftists\u27 politics played in the paper mill city of Camas and Washington State. Chapter one examines the first-ever strike of forty women in the Camas bag factory. Chapter two explores the organization of the mills\u27 first union. Chapter three accounts for the rise and fall of the town\u27s only Socialist mayor. Each of these chapters alone could be the topic of a single study and each involves a particular segment of historical scholarship. The chapters are layered and refer to each other, with layers of context added in each one. The themes of this thesis also orbit around a fight over meaning and historical memory. My research shows that during the tumultuous social, economic, and political events from 1913 to 1918 there was an active erasure and forgetting of people and events. These silencings amid a major uproar in a labor village partly accounts for the thinness of the archives and the haunted, subjugated quality of the memory of working peoples\u27 activism in Camas. I suggest that labor, management, and the political establishment were all invested in a particular mythos of Camas as a labor village. Camas was, and is, a company town and labor village. Camas had a face-to-face quality to its social relations and members of the community felt pressure to maintain this quality, sometimes in opposition to outside voices. This scenario put special demands on the people involved with organizing and activism, as they functioned without the big city anonymity of Seattle or Portland. The Camas story is shorter, more concentrated, and more intimate than the stories of these large urban centers. The brief moment of change around the war strained the fraternal bonds of the town. The pain and injury of this strain in Camas were rhetorically covered and hidden. Most of the residents either never spoke of what happened or willed themselves to forget. The memory and knowledge of the events remain to this day imprisoned within their minds and town. This work intends to, after nearly a hundred years, bring back the memories and question the story told about Camas and about ourselves

A teleoperated system for remote site characterization

The detection and characterization of buried objects and materials is an important step in the restoration of burial sites containing chemical and radioactive waste materials at Department of Energy (DOE) and Department of Defense (DOD) facilities. By performing these tasks with remotely controlled sensors, it is possible to obtain improved data quality and consistency as well as enhanced safety for on-site workers. Therefore, the DOE Office of Technology Development and the US Army Environmental Center have jointly supported the development of the Remote Characterization System (RCS). One of the main components of the RCS is a small remotely driven survey vehicle that can transport various combinations of geophysical and radiological sensors. Currently implemented sensors include ground-penetrating radar, magnetometers, an electromagnetic induction sensor, and a sodium iodide radiation detector. The survey vehicle was constructed predominantly of non-metallic materials to minimize its effect on the operation of its geophysical sensors. The system operator controls the vehicle from a remote, truck-mounted, base station. Video images are transmitted to the base station by a radio link to give the operator necessary visual information. Vehicle control commands, tracking information, and sensor data are transmitted between the survey vehicle and the base station by means of a radio ethernet link. Precise vehicle tracking coordinates are provided by a differential Global Positioning System (GPS)

Beyond the Toolpath: Site-Specific Melt Pool Size Control Enables Printing of Extra-Toolpath Geometry in Laser Wire-Based Directed Energy Deposition

A variety of techniques have been utilized in metal additive manufacturing (AM) for melt pool size management, including modeling and feed-forward approaches. In a few cases, closed-loop control has been demonstrated. In this research, closed-loop melt pool size control for large-scale, laser wire-based directed energy deposition is demonstrated with a novel modification, i.e., site-specific changes to the controller setpoint were commanded at trigger points, the locations of which were generated by the projection of a secondary geometry onto the primary three-dimensional (3D) printed component geometry. The present work shows that, through this technique, it is possible to print a specific geometry that occurs beyond the actual toolpath of the print head. This is denoted as extra-toolpath geometry and is fundamentally different from other methods of generating component features in metal AM. A proof-of-principle experiment is presented in which a complex oak leaf geometry was embossed on an otherwise ordinary double-bead wall made from Ti-6Al-4V. The process is introduced and characterized primarily from a controls perspective with reports on the performance of the control system, the melt pool size response, and the resulting geometry. The implications of this capability, which extend beyond localized control of bead geometry to the potential mitigations of defects and functional grading of component properties, are discussed

Beyond the Toolpath: Site-Specific Melt Pool Size Control Enables Printing of Extra-Toolpath Geometry in LaserWire-Based Directed Energy Deposition

A variety of techniques have been utilized in metal additive manufacturing (AM) for melt pool size management, including modeling and feed-forward approaches. In a few cases, closed-loop control has been demonstrated. In this research, closed-loop melt pool size control for large-scale, laser wire-based directed energy deposition is demonstrated with a novel modification, i.e., site-specific changes to the controller setpoint were commanded at trigger points, the locations of which were generated by the projection of a secondary geometry onto the primary three-dimensional (3D) printed component geometry. The present work shows that, through this technique, it is possible to print a specific geometry that occurs beyond the actual toolpath of the print head. This is denoted as extra-toolpath geometry and is fundamentally dierent from other methods of generating component features in metal AM. A proof-of-principle experiment is presented in which a complex oak leaf geometry was embossed on an otherwise ordinary double-bead wall made from Ti-6Al-4V. The process is introduced and characterized primarily from a controls perspective with reports on the performance of the control system, the melt pool size response, and the resulting geometry. The implications of this capability, which extend beyond localized control of bead geometry to the potential mitigations of defects and functional grading of component properties, are discussed

Lymphocyte and brain neurotoxic esterase: Dose and time dependence of inhibition in the hen examined with three organophosphorus esters

Certain organic phosphorus esters produce sensorimotor axonopathy in man and other species. There is an excellent correlation between the capacity of an organophosphorus compound to produce axonopathy and its ability to inhibit brain neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in hens. Because NTE is present in peripheral lymphocytes of both hen and man, it has been suggested that the lymphocyte enzyme might be useful both in experimental and clinical situations as an indicator of exposure to organophosphorus compounds producing axonopathy. Diethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate (paraoxon), tri-2-cresyl phosphate (TOCP), methyl 2,5-dichloro-4-bromophenyl phenylphosphonothionate (leptophos), and di-n-butyl-2,2-dichlorovinyl phosphate (di-n-butyl dichlorvos, DBDCV) were used to examine the relationship between lymphocyte and brain NTE inhibition in hens. As expected, paraoxon (0.75 mg/kg) did not inhibit NTE in brain or lymphocytes. TOCP (10 to 100 mg/kg), leptophos (25 to 150 mg/kg), and DBDCV (1.0 to 4.0 mg/kg) inhibited both brain and lymphocyte NTE activity in a doserelated manner with good correlation of inhibition between tissues taken 24 hr after exposure (r2 = 0.53 to 0.67; p r2 = 0.15 to 0.30; p < 0.10 to 0.05), with consistently less inhibition of lymphocyte NTE relative to brain NTE. This study indicates that assay of lymphocyte NTE can provide a good monitor of exposure to axonotoxic organophosphorus compounds within 24 hr between exposure and measurement.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/26225/1/0000305.pd

Generation of chirp-free picosecond pulses

The frequency spectrum of moderately chirped laser pulses depends upon the portion of the beam which is accepted by the spectrometer. Observation of the development of the chirp in a mode-locked pulse train allows to determine the small incipient chirp of early pulses. A product, bandwidth times pulse duration, of 0.47 ± 0.03 is consistently observed for single pulses switched from a passively mode-locked Nd-glass system

A genome-wide association study for genetic susceptibility to Mycobacterium bovis infection in dairy cattle identifies a susceptibility QTL on chromosome 23

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.BACKGROUND: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) infection in cattle is a significant economic concern in many countries, with annual costs to the UK and Irish governments of approximately €190 million and €63 million, respectively, for bTB control. The existence of host additive and non-additive genetic components to bTB susceptibility has been established. METHODS: Two approaches i.e. single-SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) regression and a Bayesian method were applied to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using high-density SNP genotypes (n = 597,144 SNPs) from 841 dairy artificial insemination (AI) sires. Deregressed estimated breeding values for bTB susceptibility were used as the quantitative dependent variable. Network analysis was performed using the quantitative trait loci (QTL) that were identified as significant in the single-SNP regression and Bayesian analyses separately. In addition, an identity-by-descent analysis was performed on a subset of the most prolific sires in the dataset that showed contrasting prevalences of bTB infection in daughters. RESULTS: A significant QTL region was identified on BTA23 (P value >1 × 10(-5), Bayes factor >10) across all analyses. Sires with the minor allele (minor allele frequency = 0.136) for this QTL on BTA23 had estimated breeding values that conferred a greater susceptibility to bTB infection than those that were homozygous for the major allele. Imputation of the regions that flank this QTL on BTA23 to full sequence indicated that the most significant associations were located within introns of the FKBP5 gene. CONCLUSIONS: A genomic region on BTA23 that is strongly associated with host susceptibility to bTB infection was identified. This region contained FKBP5, a gene involved in the TNFα/NFκ-B signalling pathway, which is a major biological pathway associated with immune response. Although there is no study that validates this region in the literature, our approach represents one of the most powerful studies for the analysis of bTB susceptibility to date