"So bigge as bigge may be": tracking size and shape change in domestic livestock in London (AD 1220-1900)

This study presents the analysis of 7966 individual cattle, sheep, pig and domestic hen bone measurements from 105 sites excavated in London dating to the period AD 1220–1900. Multiple episodes of size change are identified, although the speed and timing varies by species. The earliest evidence for size change in cattle and sheep occurs in the early 14th century and may be connected to the need to restock livestock populations following the outbreaks of murrain in the first half of that century. Subsequent size increases in livestock size may have occurred as a combined consequence of agricultural innovations in the wake of the Black Death, the increasing commercialisation of animal farming, as the meat requirements of an expanding London grew, and the rise of the ethic of improvement

The Ursinus Weekly, November 21, 1955

Y invited to Pearl Buck\u27s home Nov. 29 • Calendar policy stated by Dr. Parsons at meeting Wed. • Handel\u27s Messiah presented Dec. 8 • MSGA swears in new representatives; Makes plans for Christmas banquet • Garrison, Budd named to Y cabinet; Commissions plan future activities • Last preparations for play Dec. 1, 2, 3 • APO steps toward national charter • Editorial: Solution • Letters to the editor • Different view of the newspaper • What do you know about the debating team at Ursinus? • Vonnie Gros elected captain as Snell\u27s Belles end season • Booters outshine F&M as headed goal ends season with 2-1 defeat • Bear eleven snowballed by Juniata, 38-6 • Third team Belles stop Ogontz U., 2-0 • Ursinus debaters place 4th of 24 in successful college tournament • Sorority row • Fraternity row • Chemical society plans trip Dec. 2https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/weekly/1438/thumbnail.jp

Iron mineralogy of a Hawaiian palagonitic soil with Mars-like spectral and magnetic properties

Visible and near-IR spectral data for some palagonitic soils from Mauna Kea, Hawaii, are similar to corresponding spectral data for Mars. It is important to understand the composition, distribution, and mineralogy of the ferric-bearing phases for the best spectral analogues because the correspondence in spectral properties implies that the nature of their ferric-bearing phases may be similar to those on Mars. In order to constrain interpretations of the Martian data, a variety of palagonitic soils should be studied in order to establish to what extent differences in their spectral data correspond to differences in the mineralogy of their ferric-bearing phases. Spectral (350-2100 nm), Mossbauer, magnetic, and some compositional data for one of a suite of Hawaiian palagonitic soils are presented. The soil (HWMK1) was collected below the biologically active zone from the sides of a gully cut at 9000 ft elevation on Mauna Kea. The soil was wet sieved with freon into seven size fractions less than 1 mm

Optimisation studies on strain-engineered Germanium heterostructures

The physical gate lengths of state-of-the-art CMOS devices are 45 nm and are anticipated to reach just 20 nm by 2007. Due to the prohibitive capital expenditure required for next-generation CMOS technologies, leading device manufacturers are now exploring exotic device architectures and novel substrates in which significant device performance enhancements may by obtained using the existing device fabrication infrastructure. This thesis reports studies made on an initial evaluation of hole transport properties in strained Ge channels and comprises physical and electrical characterisation of these heterostructures as well as the analysis of SiGe layers using secondary ion mass spectrometry. The initial work of thesis describes the growth, characterisation and optimisation of a novel strained Ge substrate. The substrate technology was developed using a hybrid-epitaxy technique in which a SiGe strain-relaxed buffer layer, so called "virtual substrate", was grown using a ultra-high vacuum chemical-vapour deposition growth technique and the active strained Ge layer was grown using a solid-source molecular-beam epitaxy growth technology. An advanced chemical cleaning procedure has been developed which includes a modified Piranha etch. The novel cleaning procedure enables the successful integration of the two growth techniques. Significant hole carrier transport enhancements were observed for holes contained within the strained Ge channel. Optimisation of the hole mobility was achieved by the reduction of carrier scattering such as interface roughness scattering and point defect scattering. The optimisation methods employed included growth temperature iterations to reduce Ge channel roughening via elastic relaxation and, channel thickness iterations were also employed in order to minimize channel roughening and defect nucleation. Post-growth annealing procedures were used to combat defects arising from low temperature growth. The Ge heterostructures were grown on strain relaxed buffer layers, terminating with a Ge content of 60%. The optimised strained Ge channel thickness was found to be 20 nm and the growth temperature of the active layers was reduced to 350°C so as to minimise surface roughening. As grown point defects were eliminated at an optimised post-growth anneal temperature of 650°C for 30 minutes under dry N2• Hall mobilities reached 1910 cm2Ns at room temperature rising to 26,900 cm2Ns at 10K. A magneto-conductivity transfonnation measurement and maximum entropy mobility spectrum analysis revealed a room temperature drift mobility of 2700 cm2Ns at a carrier density of l.Ox1012 cm-2 . This result represents a 15-fo1d increase in hole mobility compared to conventional Si substrates at comparable effective fields. The second and important part of this thesis addresses charging effects observed when profiling undoped SiGe layers and the quantification of Ge fraction within SiGe layers using secondary ion mass spectrometry. Due to the highly resistive spreading resistance found for undoped SiGe layers when profiled using an O2+ incident beam, charging effects were found to mask the true layer profile. In order to overcome this problem a new approach is discussed for the first time. By illuminating the sample with a red laser light (wavelength 635mn) electron-hole pairs were created via photon absorption. The excess charge carriers were sufficient to overcome localised charging effects induced by the primary ion beam during SIMS analysis. In this manner, total charge suppression was achieved, thereby enabling a true determination of the SiGe sample profile to be obtained via SIMS. Finally, an analytical method enabling the accurate determination of Ge content of SiGe layers is discussed. The method employs a comparative ion yield methodology and enables both the spatial distribution and Ge concentration of SiGe layers to be accurately determined from a single SIMS measurement.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Fallow deer (Dama dama dama) management in Roman South-East Britain

This paper presents new carbon, nitrogen and sulphur isotope data for European fallow deer (Dama dama dama) in Roman Britain and discusses results in light of evidence from classical texts, landscape archaeology, zooarchaeology and the limited available samples of metric data. The new isotope data presented here are from Fishbourne Roman Palace (Sussex), two sites on the Isle of Thanet (Kent) and a further two sites in London. In spite of small sample sizes the data make an important contribution to the very limited corpus of scientific research on the species and provide new resolution to the nature of fallow deer movement and management in Roman Britain

Transmission measurements (4000-400 cm(exp -1), 2.5-25 microns) of crystalline ferric oxides and ferric oxyhydroxides: Implications for Mars

Transmission spectra of three ferric oxides (two alpha-Fe2O3 samples and one gamma-Fe2O3 sample) and two ferric oxyhydroxides (alpha-FeOOH and gamma-FeOOH) were measured. This preliminary study has demonstrated that crystalline ferric oxides and ferric oxyhydroxides exhibit complex spectral features at thermal wavelengths. Some of these features suggest that thermal infrared observations of Mars can provide significant insight into the ferric mineralogy of that planet. The results of this study suggest that emissivity spectra of crystalline ferric oxides and ferric oxyhydroxides may prove quite important for the interpretation of thermal infrared spectral observations of Mars

Analysis of gene expression in the bovine corpus luteum through generation and characterisation of 960 ESTs

To gain new insights into gene identity and gene expression in the bovine corpus luteum (CL) a directionally cloned CL cDNA library was constructed, screened with a total CL cDNA probe and clones representing abundant and rare mRNA transcripts isolated. The 5Vterminal DNA sequence of 960 cDNA clones, composed of 192 abundant and 768 rare mRNA transcripts was determined and clustered into 351 non-redundant expressed sequence tag (EST) groups. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that 309 (88%) of the ESTs showed significant homology to existing sequences in the protein and nucleotide public databases. Several previously unidentified bovine genes encoding proteins associated with key aspects of CL function including extracellular matrix remodelling, lipid metabolism/steroid biosynthesis and apoptosis, were identified. Forty-two (12%) of the ESTs showed homology with human or with other uncharacterised ESTs, some of these were abundantly expressed and may therefore play an important role in primary CL function. Tissue-specificity and temporal CL gene expression of selected clones previously unidentified in bovine CL tissue was also examined. The most interesting finds indicated that mRNA encoding squalene epoxidase was constitutively expressed in CL tissue throughout the oestrous cycle and 7-fold down-regulated ( P < 0.05)in late luteal tissue, concomitant with the disappearance of systemic progesterone, suggesting that de novo cholesterol biosynthesis plays an important role in steroidogenesis. The mRNA encoding the growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-related protein 1 (IGFBP-rP1), remained constant during the oestrous cycle and was 1.8-fold up-regulated ( P < 0.05) in late luteal tissue implying a role in CL regression

Do charismatic species groups generate more cultural ecosystem service benefits?

The relationship between nature and cultural ecosystem service (CES) benefits is well accepted but poorly understood, as is the potential role of biodiversity in the relationship. By means of a public questionnaire survey in Wiltshire, UK, the relationship between the presence of a range of common species groups, species group ‘charisma’, group abundance in the landscape, and the benefit that people felt that they derived from the species groups was investigated for a lowland multifunctional landscape. Findings showed that species group charisma influenced the benefit reported by respondents for current abundance levels, and influenced their response to potential increases or decreases in abundance. Respondents reported high levels of benefit from species groups hypothesised to be charismatic (birds, flowering plants, butterflies) and there was high consistency in the pattern of response. Respondents reported less benefit from groups hypothesised to be less charismatic (beetles/bugs, brambles and nettles), the latter response patterns showing much greater variation. These results could be used to promote a more holistic understanding of the value of biodiversity by educating and informing the public so that they derive benefit not just from the charismatic, but also from the everyday, the commonplace and less obviously charismatic species

Leisure activities and social factors influence the generation of cultural ecosystem service benefits

The relationship between cultural ecosystem services (CES) and the many diverse aspects of biodiversity is complex and multi-faceted. A large public survey in Wiltshire, UK, was used to assess associations between public benefits from certain species groups in the local countryside, and (i) social antecedents, (ii) engagement in different outdoor leisure activities (iii) indirect nature experience via media-related activities and (iv) species group charisma and abundance. Practitioners of leisure activities with a nature-related theme, whether outdoor activities or indoor media-related activities, reported significantly higher levels of benefit from named species groups, as did respondents whose personal background demonstrated an elevated degree of nature-relatedness. Benefits were also related to the charisma of the species group: enhanced benefit through nature-related activities and social factors was significant for less charismatic species, but inconclusive for more charismatic species. Respondents who participated in outdoor leisure activities without a nature focus were unlikely to report enhanced benefits from species groups in the local landscape. To maximise people’s CES benefits from broader aspects of biodiversity it may be necessary to encourage an active interest in biodiversity, leading people to participate or seek knowledge and understanding, and in turn develop a stronger sense of connectedness to nature