Influenza A virus circulation in pig nurseries in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a infecção por subtipos do vírus influenza A (IAV) e a sua incidência em creches de suínos, no estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Foram amostrados 423 leitões de creche em 11 granjas, e foram identificados circulação de IAV, RNA viral e anticorpos. A transcriptase reversa seguida de quantificação por reação em cadeia da polimerase (RT-qPCR) foi utilizada para detectar o RNA viral em amostras de swab nasal (70,2%) e para subtipar 33 vírus, dos quais 18 (54,5%) de seis creches eram o vírus H3N2, 6 (18,1%) de duas creches eram o H1N1pdm e 9 (27,2%) de três creches não puderam ser subtipificados. O ensaio de imunoabsorção enzimática (ELISA) detectou a presença de anticorpos IAV (68%), a qual foi confirmada pelo teste de inibição da hemaglutinação, tendo revelado maior prevalência de anticorpos para o vírus H3N2 (38,0%), seguido por H1N1pdm (23,8%) e H1N2 (3,23%). Os dados obtidos mostraram que 10,3% dos suínos reagiram a pelo menos dois antígenos virais. Há alta prevalência de infecção pelo vírus influenza A em todas as 11 creches de leitões amostradas por RNA viral e detecção de anticorpos. H3N2 e H1N1pdm, nesta ordem, são os subtipos virais mais detectados nas 11 creches amostradas.The objective of this work was to evaluate the infection caused by influenza A virus (IAV) subtypes and its incidence in pig nurseries in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. A total of 423 nursery pigs were sampled in 11 farms, and IAV circulation, viral RNA, and antibodies were identified. Reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect viral RNA in nasal swab samples (70.2%) and to subtype 33 viruses, of which 18 (54.5%) from six nurseries were the H3N2 virus, 6 (18.1%) from two nurseries were H1N1pdm, and 9 (27.2%) from three nurseries could not be subtyped. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detected the presence of IAV antibodies (68%), which was confirmed by the hemagglutination inhibition test, revealing a higher prevalence of antibodies for the H3N2 virus (38.0%), followed by H1N1pdm (23.8%) and H1N2 (3.23%). The obtained data showed that 10.3% of the swine reacted to at least two viral antigens. There is a high prevalence of influenza A virus infection in all 11 piglets nurseries sampled by viral RNA and antibody detection. H3N2 and H1N1pdm, in this order, are the most detected viral subtypes in the 11 sampled nurseries

VIABILIDADE DA FERTIRRIGAÇÃO POR PIVÔ CENTRAL COM USO DE EFLUENTES TRATADOS EM DIFERENTES NÍVEIS

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a viabilidade econômica do uso de esgotos sanitários, tratados com diferentes níveis de eficiência, para fertirrigação por pivô central em cultivos de algodão e soja. O estudo foi desenvolvido por meio da simulação e comparação de dois projetos de tratamento de esgoto sanitário a serem instalados na cidade de Correntina (BA). Para os cálculos de viabilidade, utilizou-se a planilha eletrônica AmazonSaf. Foram propostos dois cenários para o tratamento de esgoto para posterior fertirrigação: cenário A (pré-tratamento seguido de lagoa anaeróbia) e cenário B (pré-tratamento seguido de sistema australiano de lagoas e polimento com a ecotecnologia dos wetlands). Observou-se que os custos totais foram maiores no cenário B, devido ao aumento no investimento com o tratamento via wetland. O aumento direto foi de 0,82%, com um período de retorno do investimento de 8,7 anos. Há viabilidade econômica em reutilizar o efluente sanitário tratado do município de Correntina para irrigação de algodão e soja, independentemente do sistema de tratamento a ser adotado, embora a complementação do processo com a instalação do sistema de wetland se faça vantajosa do ponto de vista econômico, ambiental e social. Palavras-chave: análise financeira; economia circular; fertirrigação; reuso; sustentabilidade.   Feasibility of central pivot fertirrigation with the use of effluents treated at different levels   ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to verify the economic viability of using sanitary sewage, treated with different levels of efficiency, for central pivot fertigation in cotton and soybean crops. The study was developed through the simulation and comparison of two sanitary sewage treatment projects to be installed in the city of Correntina (BA). For feasibility calculations, the AmazonSaf spreadsheet was used. Two scenarios were proposed for the treatment of sewage for subsequent fertigation: scenario A (pre-treatment followed by anaerobic lagoon) and scenario B (pre-treatment followed by Australian pond system and polishing with wetland ecotechnology). It was observed that the total costs were higher in scenario B, due to the increase in investment with wetland treatment. The direct increase was 0.82%, with a payback period of 8.7 years. There is economic viability in reusing the treated sanitary effluent from the municipality of Correntina for irrigation of cotton and soy, regardless of the treatment system to be adopted, although complementing the process with the installation of the wetland system is advantageous from an economic point of view, environmental and social. Keywords: financial analysis; circular economy; fertigation; reuse; sustainability

INCREASE IN THE IRRIGATED AREA OF SUGARCANE AND ITS POTENTIAL IN THE BIOENERGETIC GENERATION OF BRAZIL

Sugarcane has a large capacity for producing electric energy using totally clean technology, from a renewable source, contributing to environmental preservation. The objective of this research was to evaluate the increase in biomass resulting from the implementation of irrigation in Brazilian sugarcane fields, estimate the potential for cogeneration, and calculate how much it will be possible to increase the Brazilian energy co-generated with sugarcane bagasse and the impact on the matrix Brazilian energy sector. The increase in irrigation in the rainfed areas of Brazilian sugarcane fields has substantial potential in increasing biomass for energy cogeneration. Considering a 15% increase in the production of cane fields in rainfed areas, conquered from the increase in irrigation, leads to an increase potential of 96.39 million tons of sugar cane and 26.80 million tons of biomass produced. In the energy matrix, the potential impact is 1.42 GWh of cogenerated energy, which corresponds to a 12.47% increase in cogeneration in the sugar-energy sector and 0.85% increase in Brazil's energy matrix. The expansion of the sugarcane irrigated area contributes to the increase in the production of bagasse and bioenergetic generation in Brazil.A cana-de-açúcar tem grande capacidade de produção de energia elétrica com tecnologia totalmente limpa, de fonte renovável, contribuindo com a preservação ambiental. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar o incremento de biomassa advinda da implantação de irrigação nos canaviais brasileiros, estimar o potencial de cogeração, e calcular o quanto será possível aumentar a energia brasileira cogerada com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e o impacto na matriz energética brasileira. O incremento de irrigação nas áreas de sequeiros dos canaviais brasileiros tem um potencial substancial no incremento de biomassa para a cogeração de energia. Considerando um aumento de 15% na produção dos canaviais das áreas de sequeiro, conquistados a partir do incremento de irrigação, ocasiona em um potencial de aumento de 96,39 milhões de toneladas de cana-de-açúcar e 26,80 milhões de toneladas de biomassa produzida. Na matriz energética, o impacto potencial é de 1,42 GWh de energia cogerada que corresponde a 12,47% de aumento de cogeração no setor sucroenergético e 0,85% de aumento na matriz energética do Brasil. A expansão da área irrigada de cana-de-açúcar contribui com o aumento da produção de bagaço e geração bioenergética do Brasil

Polímeros impressos com íons: fundamentos, estratégias de preparo e aplicações em química analítica

Chemical imprinting technology has been widely used as a valuable tool in selective recognition of a given target analyte (molecule or metal ion), yielding a notable advance in the development of new analytical protocols. Since their discovery, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been extensively studied with excellent reviews published. However, studies involving ion imprinted polymers (IIPs), in which metal ions are recognized in the presence of closely related inorganic ions, remain scarce. Thus, this review involved a survey of different synthetic approaches for preparing ion imprinted adsorbents and their application for the development of solid phase extraction methods, metal ion sensors (electrodes and optodes) and selective membranes

Controle de doenças foliares na aveia branca e danos na produção em resposta à dose e ao número de aplicações de fungicida

The leaf rust and helmintosporiosis are leave diseases that affect white oat grain yield and components. This research was carried out aiming to quantify the injuries caused by these diseases, considering a multiple pathosystem, to grain yield, 1,000 grains mass and hectoliter weight, and to determine these diseases control percentage in response to the number (one, two and four) and rate (½, ¾ and indicated rate) of piraclostrobina + epoxiconazole fungicide application. Two white oat cultivars were tested: UPFA 20 Teixeirinha and UPFA 22 Temprana. The experiment was set in two growing seasons: 2006, under crop rotation, and 2007, under monoculture. Ten treatments were assessed on each year, distributed randomly in blocks with four replications. For both cultivars, the disease intensity was quantified in phenological stages ranging from the start of tillering to hard dough. The leaf incidence and severity data were submitted to the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Helminthosporium was the predominant disease until flowering for both growing seasons and cultivars. Leaf rust intensity increased in the subsequent stages. Grain yield, 1,000 grain mass and hectoliter weight damages were higher in 2007 than in 2006 for both cultivars, with percentages varying, respectively, from 5.46% to 50.30%, 3.56% to 32.72 %, 1.49% to 7.20% for UPFA 20, and from 11.10% to 48.45%, 2.08% to 26.01%, 1.88% to 11.51% for UPFA 22. Comparing the AUDPC values, there were greater disease intensities in 2007, possibly due the monoculture system. The AUDPC values showed that UPFA 20 was more susceptible to leaf diseases than UPFA 22, even though it showed higher values for grain yield. The control percentage of leaf diseases was higher in 2007 for both cultivars, reaching, based on the leaf severity, 86.74% and 85.90% for UPFA 20 and UPFA22, respectively. The highest chemical economic return for both cultivars was achieved with two applications of fungicide indicated rate in 2006, and with four applications in 2007.A ferrugem da folha e a helmintosporiose são doenças foliares que afetam o rendimento de grãos e componentes da aveia branca. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar os danos causados pelas duas doenças, considerando um patossistema múltiplo, no rendimento de grãos, massa de mil grãos e peso do hectolitro, bem como determinar a porcentagem de controle destas doenças em resposta ao número (uma duas e quatro) e dose (½, ¾ e dose indicada) de aplicação do fungicida piraclostrobina + epoxiconazole, nas cultivares de aveia branca UPFA 20 Teixeirinha e UPFA 22 Temprana. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na safra agrícola de 2006, em área de rotação de culturas, e na safra de 2007, em área de monocultura. Cada experimento constou de 10 tratamentos, distribuídos em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. A intensidade das doenças foi quantificada entre os estádios fenológicos de início do afilhamento e de grão em massa dura. Os dados de incidência e severidade foliar foram usados para calcular a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD). A doença predominante nas duas safras e em ambas as cultivares até o início do florescimento foi a helmintosporiose. A ferrugem da folha teve sua intensidade aumentada nos estádios subseqüentes. Os danos no rendimento de grãos, massa de mil grãos e peso do hectolitro foram maiores na safra de 2007 para as duas cultivares, com valores percentuais variando, respectivamente, de 5,46% a 50,30%, 3,56% a 32,72%, 1,49% a 7,20% na cultivar UPFA 20, e de 11,10% a 48,45%, 2,08% a 26,01%, 1,88% a 11,51% para cultivar UPFA 22. Os valores de AACPD indicaram maior intensidade das doenças em 2007, possivelmente pela maior disponibilidade de inóculo no sistema de monocultura. A cultivar UPFA 20 foi mais suscetível às doenças. No entanto, apresentou maiores valores dos componentes de rendimento. O controle das doenças foi maior nas duas cultivares na safra 2007, atingindo 86,74% e 85,90% para UPFA 20 e UPFA 22, respectivamente. O maior retorno econômico do controle químico para safra de 2006 nas duas cultivares ocorreu com duas aplicações do fungicida na dose indicada, e na safra de 2007 com quatro aplicações

Irrigation management in soybean crops influences the occurrence of nematodes in the soil

One of the main limitations of soybean production is related to water availability and organisms found in the soil. Under the hypothesis that soil moisture may influence the nematode population, this study aimed to verify the occurrence of nematodes associated with different irrigation management in soybean crops. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design. Treatments consisted of a subplot scheme, with four replications. The plots consisted of ten irrigation managements divided into five irrigation frequencies (1,2,3,4, and 5 days) and five additional water depths (25, 50, 75, 100, and 125% of crop evapotranspiration – Etc). The subplots were composed of four different soybean cultivars (NA 5909 RR, AS 3680 IPRO, and Desafio RR ePower IPRO). The experiment analyzed the variables plant height, first pod insertion, number of plants, moisture, hundred-grain weight, yield, and occurrence of nematode eggs and adults. Nematodes influence all the production components analyzed, affecting mostly the hundred-grain weight, especially the nematode Helicotylenchus sp., although the Meloidogyne sp. population was larger. The phytonematode population reduces with the increase in soil moisture to levels close to the saturation, indirectly influencing the yield increase