Fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e tratamento da vaginose bacteriana/ Physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment of bacterial vaginosis

As doenças que afetam o sistema reprodutor feminino, estão cada vez mais prevalentes em todo mundo, dentre elas, destaca-se a Vaginose Bacteriana, tratando-se de uma infecção causada pelo microrganismo Gardnerella  vaginalis, apresenta sintomas como corrimento vaginal, odor fétido, dentre outros. Com vistas em agregar conhecimento sobre a Vaginose Bacteriana, apresenta-se este artigo, originado em pesquisas teóricas, com abordagem na metodologia restropectiva e explicativa. Resultando em conhecer melhor a etiologia, manifestações clínicas, diagnóstico, agente etiológico, fatores de risco e tratamento da doença. Sabe-se que a saúde da mulher está cada vez mais participando de debates, envolvendo a necessidade de aplicar melhores cuidados à saúde pública como um todo. Voltando também a atenção para informações relacionadas à prevenção, diagnóstico precoce e cuidados ginecológicos.

Revisão Sistemática da Resistência e Farmacodinâmica de Antibióticos/ Systematic Review of Resistance and Pharmacodynamics of Antibiotics

Antibióticos são compostos farmácos naturais ou sintéticos capazes de inibir o crescimento ou causar a morte das bactérias, está, por sua vez, possui grande capacidade de adaptação estando associada à estrutura genômica, que garante a troca de genes entre as bactérias, utilizando elementos não cromossômicos: plasmídios, transposons e até bacteriófagos. Os fármacos existentes atualmente, com esta finalidade, interrompem a replicação e o reparo do DNA bacteriano. Todavia as bactérias podem tornar-se resistentes aos fármacos por alguns mecanismos, como as mutações cromossômicas e genéticas, desenvolvimento da capacidade de produzir bombas de resistências a múltiplos fármacos (MDR) e destruição do antibiótico através de enzimas. Dessa forma, objetivou-se descrever os mecanismos da farmacodinâmica dos antibióticos, ressaltando seu mecanismo de resistência e principais eventos adversos, por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica, utilizando livros disponíveis, Google acadêmico, PubMed e Scielo, e dessa forma abrir portas para estudos mais complexos. Após a realização deste trabalho, foi possível perceber que o combate à resistência bacteriana é um problema de saúde pública mundial e deve ser abordado sob vários aspectos, entre as causas para este fenômeno está o uso abusivo e indiscriminado de antibióticos

O perfil semiológico do paciente portador de hemorragia digestiva alta

OBJETIVO: O seguinte estudo objetivou descrever a semiologia do paciente portador de hemorragia digestiva alta, considerando como determinante na avaliação de potencias focos hemorrágicos. METODOLOGIA: Foram realizadas buscas nas plataformas do SciELO, LILACS, PubMed, Scopus e Google Scholar,utilizando os descritores gastrointestinal bleeding, peptic ulcerous disease e varicose hemorrhage, sendo identificados 35 estudos, dos quais foram incluídos 13 artigos completos. Desses estudos, 5 avaliaram as principais etiologias, 2 o surgimento de novos testes diagnósticos, 2 analisaram os aspectos epidemiológicos e 1 a sintomatologia apresentada pelo acometimento da hemorragia digestiva alta. Observou-se inicialmente a abundâncias de informações conceituais sobre o sangramento, como um transtorno clínico comum, acompanhada de inúmeras manifestações, considerando que o foco hemorrágico pode ocorrer em qualquer porção do trato gastrointestinal. Neste estudo, todas as publicações eleitas apresentaram o quadro semiológico composto por algia abdominal, indícios de choque hipovolêmico e taquicardia, alguns exibiram quedas abruptas da pressão arterial, odinofagia, êmese, náuseas e estado ictérico. Os pacientes implicados, cronicamente, já manifestaram ocorrências prévias, devido ao caráter recidivante torna-se essencial investigar a existência de varizes, fístula aorto-entérica, angiodisplasia e doença ulcerosa. CONCLUSÃO: Elucida-se que a hemorragia digestiva alta representa a principal causa de sangramento do trato gastrointestinal, majoritamente manifesta-se como hematêmese ou melena e cursam com o quadro sintomatológico que auxilia na avaliação da gravidade deste e o embasamento de potenciais focos de sangramento e que contribuam para disseminação de informações e intervenções futuras

Analysis of two precipitation methods on the yield, structural features and activity of sulfated polysaccharides from Gracilaria cornea (Rhodophyta)

The global demand for natural products from seaweeds has increased worldwide; however, no description of the use of isoamly alcohol (IAA) for obtaining of sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) has been reported. We investigated the efficiency of two precipitation methods (M) in obtaining SPs from the red seaweed Gracilaria cornea. SPs enzymatically isolated were concentrated with cetylpyridinium chloride (M I) or IAA (M II) and extracts were examined with regard to their yield, structural features and in vitro effects on the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) using normal human plasma and standard heparin (193 IU mg-1). Yield difference reached 12.99%. Quantitative determination of sulfate was similar between the two methods (̴ 26%), but extracts revealed different pattern on charge density by agarose gel electrophoresis. Whereas both extracts revealed as agarocolloids, alternative M II was also efficient for lipids, proteins and nucleic acids according to the infrared analysis. Extracts had virtually no effect on APPT (1.95 and 2 IU mg-1 for M I and M II, respectively). The results revealed IAA as an alternative solvent for obtaining SPs from the red seaweed G. cornea, depending on the industry’ usage criterion.

Strontium Ranelate Elevates Expression of Heme Oxygenase-1 and Decreases Alveolar Bone Loss in Rats

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of strontium ranelate on ligature-induced periodontitis in rats and assess the putative involvement of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway in these effects. Material and Methods: Male Wistar rats underwent nylon ligature placement around maxillary molars and were treated (v.o.) with strontium ranelate (20 or 100 mg/kg) for 7 days. After that, rats were euthanized and histomorphometric/histopathological analyses and RT-PCR for HO-1 expression were performed. Results: Strontium ranelate (20 or 100 mg/kg) prevented bone resorption by 28% and 38%, respectively. Strontium ranelate treatment (100 mg/kg) up-regulated (P < 0.05) heme oxygenase-1 mRNA levels in the gingival tissues in comparison to control groups. Conclusions: Strontium ranelate prevented periodontal bone loss in experimental periodontitis in rats while heme oxygenase-1 mRNA levels increased after treatment

In vitro activities of kappa-carrageenan isolated from red marine alga Hypnea musciformis: Antimicrobial, anticancer and neuroprotective potential

This study assessed the antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer and neuroprotective activities of the kappa(k)-carrageenan isolated from the red alga Hypnea musciformis (Hm-SP). The chemical spectrum of the k-carrageenan fromHm-SPwas confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.Hm-SP revealed an antibacterial and antifungal action against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, respectively. Hm-SP did not promoted cytotoxic effects against Human breast cancer (MCF-7) and Human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cell-lines. However, itwas observed a significant reduction of the cellular proliferation capacity in these cancer cells in presence of the Hm-SP. Furthermore, Hm-SP showed neuroprotective activity in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity on SH-SY5Y cells by modulation of the mitochondria transmembrane potential and reducing Caspase 3 activity. In addition, Hm-SP demonstrates low antioxidant potential and did not induce significant cytotoxic effects or changes in the cell proliferation on Balb/c 3T3 mouse fibroblast cell-line. In summary, our data suggest that Hm-SP shows antimicrobial, anticancer and neuprotective activities.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mechanisms involved in antinociception induced by a polysulfated fraction from seaweed Gracilaria cornea in the temporomandibular joint of rats

CNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOCAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL E NÍVEL SUPERIORTemporomandibular disorder is a common clinical condition involving pain in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) region. This study assessed the antinociceptive effects of a polysulfated fraction from the red seaweed Gracilaria cornea (Gc-FI) on the formalin-induced TMJ hypernociception in rats and investigated the involvement of different mechanisms. Male Wistar rats were pretreated with injection (sc) of saline or Gc-Fl 1 h before intra-TMJ injection of formalin to evaluate the nociception. The results showed that pretreatment with Gc-Fl significantly reduced formalin-induced nociceptive behavior. Moreover, the antinociceptive effect of the Gc-Fl was blocked by naloxone (a non-selective opioid antagonist), suggesting the involvement of opioids selective receptors. Thus, the pretreatment with selective opioids receptors antagonists, reversed the antinociceptive effect of the Gc-FI in the TMJ. The Gc-FI antinociceptive effect depends on the nitric oxide/cyclic GMP/protein kinase G/ATP-sensitive potassium channel (NO/cGMP/PKG/(+)(ATP)) pathway because it was prevented by pretreatment with inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase, guanylate cyclase enzyme, PKG and a K-ATP(+) blocker. In addition, after inhibition with a specific heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibitor, the antinociceptive effect of the Gc-Fl was not observed. Collectively, these data suggest that the antinociceptive effect induced by Gc-Fl is mediated by mu/delta/kappa-opioid receptors and by activation NO/cGMP/PKG/K-ATP(+) channel pathway, besides of HO-1. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Temporomandibular disorder is a common clinical condition involving pain in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) region. This study assessed the antinociceptive effects of a polysulfated fraction from the red seaweed Gracilaria cornea (Gc-FI) on the formalin-induced TMJ hypernociception in rats and investigated the involvement of different mechanisms. Male Wistar rats were pretreated with injection (sc) of saline or Gc-Fl 1 h before intra-TMJ injection of formalin to evaluate the nociception. The results showed that pretreatment with Gc-Fl significantly reduced formalin-induced nociceptive behavior. Moreover, the antinociceptive effect of the Gc-Fl was blocked by naloxone (a non-selective opioid antagonist), suggesting the involvement of opioids selective receptors. Thus, the pretreatment with selective opioids receptors antagonists, reversed the antinociceptive effect of the Gc-FI in the TMJ. The Gc-FI antinociceptive effect depends on the nitric oxide/cyclic GMP/protein kinase G/ATP-sensitive potassium channel (NO/cGMP/PKG/(+)(ATP)) pathway because it was prevented by pretreatment with inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase, guanylate cyclase enzyme, PKG and a K-ATP(+) blocker. In addition, after inhibition with a specific heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibitor, the antinociceptive effect of the Gc-Fl was not observed. Collectively, these data suggest that the antinociceptive effect induced by Gc-Fl is mediated by mu/delta/kappa-opioid receptors and by activation NO/cGMP/PKG/K-ATP(+) channel pathway, besides of HO-1977684CNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOCAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL E NÍVEL SUPERIORCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOCAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL E NÍVEL SUPERIORsem informaçãosem informaçã

Mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory action of a polysulfated fraction from Gracilaria cornea in rats.

The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the sulfated polysaccharidic fraction obtained from red marine alga Gracilaria cornea (Gc-FI) were investigated using a paw edema model induced in rats by different inflammatory agents (carrageenan, dextran, serotonin, bradykinin, compound 48/80 or L-arginine). Gc-FI at the doses of 3, 9 or 27 mg/kg, subcutaneously--s.c., significantly inhibited rat paw edema induced by carrageenan and dextran, as confirmed by myeloperoxidase and Evans' blue assessments, respectively. Gc-FI (9 mg/kg, s.c.) inhibited rat paw edema induced by histamine, compound 48/80 and L-arginine. Additionally, Gc-FI (9 mg/kg, s.c.) inhibited Cg-induced edema in animals with intact mast cells but did not inhibit that with degranulated mast cells by compound 48/80, revealing a protective role on mast cell membranes. Gc-FI down-regulated the IL-1β, TNF-α and COX-2 mRNA and protein levels compared with those of the carrageenan group, based on qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry analyses. After inhibition with ZnPP IX, a specific heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibitor, the anti-inflammatory effect of Gc-FI was not observed in Cg-induced paw edema, suggesting that the anti-inflammatory effect of Gc-FI is, in part, dependent on the integrity of the HO-1 pathway. Gc-FI can target a combination of multiple points involved in inflammatory phenomena