About agricultural manuals, gardens and coffee plantations: mosaics and landscape transformation in the Paraiba do Sul Valley, Brazil

Economic cycles have often become the landscape matrix, in a hybrid process of society-nature transformation, leaving distinct legacies in it. The coffee plantation showed great productivity in the Paraíba do Sul Valley to the detriment of forests, resulting in profound changes in geo-hydric cycles. Although the transformation by coffee has been significant on a spatial scale and in environmental changes, the Paraíba do Sul Valley landscape needs to be understood in a broader perspective. There were also other crops in the landscape inside or outside large estates. This work aims to recognize the spatial organization of these cultures and develop an understanding of the pattern of the coffee landscape, showing the performance of different social actors. The methodology consisted of a bibliographic review and analysis of historical agricultural manuals. Spatializing such past activities and social groups in the landscape shows us what was previously hidden, omitted by the traditional historical narrative This research showed that colonial knowledge developed a landscape compartmentalization, spatializing the crops according to pedological and topographic evidence.Economic cycles have often become the landscape matrix, in a hybrid process of society-nature transformation, leaving distinct legacies in it. The coffee plantation showed great productivity in the Paraíba do Sul Valley to the detriment of forests, resulting in profound changes in geo-hydric cycles. Although the transformation by coffee has been significant on a spatial scale and in environmental changes, the Paraíba do Sul Valley landscape needs to be understood in a broader perspective. There were also other crops in the landscape inside or outside large estates. This work aims to recognize the spatial organization of these cultures and develop an understanding of the pattern of the coffee landscape, showing the performance of different social actors. The methodology consisted of a bibliographic review and analysis of historical agricultural manuals. Spatializing such past activities and social groups in the landscape shows us what was previously hidden, omitted by the traditional historical narrative This research showed that colonial knowledge developed a landscape compartmentalization, spatializing the crops according to pedological and topographic evidence.Economic cycles have often become the landscape matrix, in a hybrid process of society-nature transformation, leaving distinct legacies in it. The coffee plantation showed great productivity in the Paraíba do Sul Valley to the detriment of forests, resulting in profound changes in geo-hydric cycles. Although the transformation by coffee has been significant on a spatial scale and in environmental changes, the Paraíba do Sul Valley landscape needs to be understood in a broader perspective. There were also other crops in the landscape inside or outside large estates. This work aims to recognize the spatial organization of these cultures and develop an understanding of the pattern of the coffee landscape, showing the performance of different social actors. The methodology consisted of a bibliographic review and analysis of historical agricultural manuals. Spatializing such past activities and social groups in the landscape shows us what was previously hidden, omitted by the traditional historical narrative This research showed that colonial knowledge developed a landscape compartmentalization, spatializing the crops according to pedological and topographic evidence

Ensino de probabilidade: contribuições de um jogo didático

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar as possíveis contribuições de um jogo didático como organizador prévio para a aprendizagem significativa do conteúdo de probabilidade, segundo a Teoria da Aprendizagem Significativa de Ausubel. A aplicação do jogo foi realizada com uma turma do segundo ano do Ensino Médio de uma escola estadual do norte do Paraná, Brasil. Classifica-se essa pesquisa quanto à finalidade, como aplicada, pois, foi realizada em sala de aula com a participação direta dos pesquisadores e dos alunos. Os resultados encontrados apontam que o organizador prévio utilizado colaborou com a aprendizagem significativa do conteúdo de probabilidade

Legados Ecológicos e Transição da Paisagem no Médio Vale do Paraíba do Sul: Do Café às Pastagens

The Paraíba do Sul Valley was the scene of one of the most important, impacting and transforming economic cycles in the history of the Atlantic Forest. Its decline produced marks present in the landscape to the present day. Cattle breeding, already present in the region for local supply, became the major use of the soil after the coffee decay, remaining in this position until the present day. In this article, a description of the transition of the landscape of the Middle Valley of the Paraíba do Sul river, from the coffee to the current pasture scenario, was made. Field data, oral history and historical documents were combined in this analysis. Fieldwork was carried out in the municipality of São José do Barreiro -SP. The explanations for the decrease in coffee-growing activity and the growth of livestock in the landscape were due to both socioeconomic and physical-ecological factors, especially the ecophysiological characteristics of the fat grass. In this article, a description was made of the transition of the landscape of the Middle Valley of the Paraíba do Sul river, from the coffee to the current pasture scenario. Field data, oral history and historical documents were combined in this analysis. Fieldwork was carried out in the municipality of São José do Barreiro -SP. The explanations for the decrease in coffee-growing activity and the growth of livestock in the landscape were due to both socioeconomic and physical-ecological factors.O Vale do Paraíba do Sul foi palco de um dos mais importantes, impactantes e transformadores ciclos econômicos na história da Mata Atlântica. Seu declínio produziu marcas presentes na paisagem até os dias atuais. A pecuária, já presente na região para abastecimento local, tornou-se o uso majoritário do solo após a decadência cafeeira, permanecendo neste posto até os dias atuais. Neste artigo, buscou-se realizar uma descrição da transição da paisagem do Médio Vale do rio Paraíba do Sul, desde o café até o cenário atual de pastagens. Foram combinados dados de campo, história oral e documentos históricos nesta análise. Os trabalhos de campo foram realizados no município de São José do Barreiro -SP. As explicações para o decréscimo da atividade cafeicultora e o crescimento da pecuária na paisagem se deram tanto por fatores socioeconômicos quanto físico-ecológicos

Morfometria do forame mandibular aplicada ao bloqueio anestésico local do nervo alveolar inferior de javalis (Sus scrofa scrofa Linnaeus, 1758)

Javalis mantidos em criatórios comerciais utilizam os dentes caninos como mecanismo de defesa e ataque a fim de expressar seus instintos naturais, o que pode resultar em fraturas dentárias e da mandíbula propriamente dita. Desta forma, propiciar a dessensibilização local do nervo alveolar inferior é essencial para a execução de procedimentos terapêuticos na cavidade oral destes animais. Logo, objetivou-se realizar a morfometria do forame mandibular desta espécie a fim de correlacioná-lo com as estruturas mandibulares, inferindo, também, sobre a forma mais segura de realização da referida técnica nos espécimes. Para tanto, foram utilizadas seis hemimandíbulas de Sus scrofa scrofa jovens, a partir das quais foram realizadas as mensurações propostas. Em média, a margem lateral do processo condilar distanciou-se 142,43 mm da raiz do dente incisivo medial inferior; o eixo longitudinal do corpo da mandíbula mediu 22,3 mm ao nível do diastema existente entre o quarto dente pré-molar e o primeiro dente molar inferiores; e o forame mandibular, a partir do extremo caudal de sua margem ventral, posicionou-se a 26,6 mm da margem ventral do ângulo da mandíbula neste nível, 34,92 mm da margem medial do processo condilar, e 38,63 mm do extremo dorsal da margem caudal do processo coronóide. Na falta de diferenças estatisticamente significantes, e observando que o acidente ósseo estudado posicionou-se no ramo da mandíbula, indica que o procedimento proposto deva ser realizado a partir da introdução da agulha em sentido oblíquo rostroventral por 2,0 cm e angulada a 60º com o referencial anatômico criado pela delimitação medial obtida pelo apoio do dedo polegar na margem lateral do ramo da mandíbula, ventralmente ao arco zigomático,preservando as estruturas próximas e definindo-se uma metodologia anestésica inédita para os Javalis.Boars kept on commercial farms use their canine teeth as a mechanism of defense and attack in order to express their natural instincts, which could result in fractures of the teeth and jaws. Thus, utilizing local desensitization of the inferior alveolar nerve is crucial for executing therapeutic procedures in the oral cavities of those animals. Then, the goal is to carry out the morphometry of the mandibular foramen of that species, correlating it with the mandibular structures, while doing so in the safest manner for the animals. For that purpose, six hemimandibles of young-aged Sus scrofa scrofa were used, from which the proposed measurements were taken. On average, the lateral margin of the condylar process stood 142.43 mm away from the root of the lower medial incisive tooth. The longitudinal axis of the body of the mandible measured 22.3 mm at the level of the diastema that exists between the fourth lower premolar tooth and the first lower molar tooth. The mandibular foramen, from the caudal limit of the ventral margin, would be positioned at26.6 mm from the ventral margin of the angle of the mandible in that level, 34.92 mm away from the medial margin of the condylar process, and 38.63 mm away from the dorsal limit from the caudal margin of the coronoid process. The lack of statistically significant differences, and observing that the osseous accident under scrutiny had been positioned in the ramus of the mandible, indicated that the proposed procedure should be performed from the introduction of the needle in an oblique and rostrodorsal direction for 2.0 cm, and angulated at 60º with the anatomic reference created by the medial demarcation obtained via the support of the thumb on the lateral margin of the ramus of the mandible, ventrally to the zygomatic arch, all while preserving neighboring structures and establishing an unheard-of anesthetic methodology for boars

PERCEPÇÃO AMBIENTAL POR PECUARISTAS SOBRE AS PASTAGENS DE SÃO JOSÉ DO BARREIRO (SP) / CATTLE RANCHERS' ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION ON THE PASTURES OF SÃO JOSÉ DO BARREIRO (SP)

As florestas da bacia do Paraíba do Sul estão hoje reduzidas a remanescentes isolados, mais expressivos no relevo montanhoso. A maior parte da bacia é atualmente ocupada por pastagens, em grande parte degradadas. O presente trabalho buscou realizar uma investigação etnobotânica das gramíneas forrageiras no município de São José do Barreiro (SP), aplicando-a ao estudo de percepção de pecuaristas sobre as espécies forrageiras e as paisagens locais; à compreensão de formas de uso e manejo dessas espécies e suas resultantes ecológicas; à reflexão da trajetória e distribuição das pastagens na região do Vale do Paraíba e sua relação com a conservação local. Foram realizadas saídas de campo mensais, entre julho de 2016 e junho de 2017 para entrevistas e turnês guiadas com quatorze pecuaristas locais. Diversas espécies de gramíneas foram cultivadas na região após o ciclo do café, em diferentes épocas, mas os capins gordura e o braquiária se destacaram, pela presença em larga escala na paisagem. As consequências socioambientais da sucessão das gramíneas forrageiras implantadas na região foram: a homogeneização da paisagem, a invisibilização das diversidades biológicas e culturais, a dissociação e o despertencimento. As áreas protegidas locais necessitam de estudos que abarquem a percepção dos diversos atores locais envolvidos na conservação da biodiversidade. São estimuladas pesquisas e ações que tornem visíveis as diversidades biológica e cultural ainda existentes

Origem e distribuição das artérias coronárias de javalis

The heart of a domestic swine is similar to that of a human regarding anatomy, blood perfusion, and distribution of nurturing arteries. In addition to the similarities, its low cost compared with other species is also one of the reasons these animals have been increasingly used in medical schools and in clinical, surgical, and pharmacological studies. Therefore, we aimed to identify the origin and distribution of the right and left coronary arteries of boars, emphasizing the configuration and macroscopic representativity of their branches while characterizing a possible dominance concerning the type of circulation and the potential use of this animal as an experimental model, hence boars are the ancestors of the domestic pigs. The left coronary artery has bifurcated into paraconal interventricular branch and circumflex branch; or it has trifurcated into paraconal interventricular branch, the oblique branch, and into the left circumflex branch. The right coronary artery has originated the marginal branches to the right ventricle and the right circumflex branch, which has branched out in the subsinuous interventricular branch. Anastomoses have stood out among the paraconal and subsinuous interventricular branches – where a right dominant coronary artery occurred – and between the right and left circumflex branches. We concluded that the morphology and the distribution of the coronary arteries of boars resemble those of a human and, thus, our results are useful for the conception of experimental hemodynamics and possible use as process models.O coração dos suínos domésticos apresenta semelhanças ao dos humanos mediante a anatomia, perfusão sanguínea e configuração da distribuição de suas artérias nutridoras. Tendo um menor custo para sua aquisição quando comparado a outras espécies, e dada sua similaridade apresentada, o uso desses animais nas escolas de medicina, em estudos clínicos, cirúrgicos e farmacológicos tem aumentado. Portanto, objetivou-se identificar a origem e distribuição das artérias coronárias direita e esquerda de javalis com ênfase na configuração e representatividade macroscópica dos ramos derivados das mesmas, caracterizando uma possível dominância quanto ao tipo de circulação e o potencial uso deste suídeo como modelo experimental, visto que são considerados ancestrais dos suínos domésticos. A artéria coronária esquerda bifurcou-se e deu origem aos ramos interventricular paraconal e circunflexo esquerdo, ou trifurcouse nos ramos interventricular paraconal, oblíquo e circunflexo esquerdo. Já a artéria coronária direita deu origem aos ramos marginal para o ventrículo direito e circunflexo direito que, por sua vez, ramificou-se no ramo interventricular subsinuoso. Foram evidenciadas anastomoses entre os ramos interventriculares paraconal e subsinuoso, e entre os ramos circunflexos direito e esquerdo e, conforme tal origem do ramo interventricular subsinuoso, a forma de dominância coronariana foi predominantemente direita. Conclui-se que a morfologia e distribuição das artérias coronárias de javalis se assemelham à do homem e, desse modo, nossos resultados são úteis para sua concepção da hemodinâmica experimental, e possível utilização como modelos processuais

Sites of Anesthetic Block of the Lateral and Medial Palmar Metacarpal Nerves in Equines of Indeterminate Breed

Background: Local anesthesia blockage at equines claudication diagnosis besides favoring the beginning of the therapy and relieving patient’s pain, it allows the identification of the specific affected region and its origin, however, if it is done incorrectly (by improper volume of anesthetics application and/or mistakenly nerve identification due to the lack of anatomic referential) it may cause inflammation, infection or even tissue necrosis. The aim was describing anatomically lateral and medial palmar metacarpal nerves in equines to improve diagnostic anesthetic block techniques on four metacarpophalangeal articulation joints of the specie.Materials, Methods & Results: A number of 20 thoracic limbs from 10 equines of indeterminate breed were used to be fixated in 10% phormaldehyde and with a marked arterial system by water solution of red dyed latex. The structures were identified by dissection, and their denomination bases on Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (N.A.V.) by the International Committee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature. The study had been approved by the Board of Ethics in Animal Use of the University Center of Patos de Minas (UNIPAM), protocol n° 18/17. The lateral and medial palmar metacarpal nerves have been observed in all of the specimens originated from the deep branch of lateral palmar nerve, immediately distal to the intercarpal articulation. After its origin, the first nerve stretched ipsilaterally from the common trunk, whilst the second nerve positioned counter-lateral manner after superficially crossing the interosseus muscle. Both penetrated at the level of the mid third of the referred muscle and the metacarpal bone III and, assumed respectively a parallel medial position to the metacarpal bone IV and lateral to the metacarpal II, being intimately associated to the palmar face of the metacarpal bone III. Distally, those nerves emerged from a palmar position to a lateral and medial to the distal extremity of the metacarpal bones, corresponding and adjacent to the metacarpophalangeal articulation palmar recession, where they had finally ramified to partially innervate the associated articular capsule and the subcutaneous tissue of the region.Discussion: The lateral and medial palmar metacarpal nerves present similar origin and disposition to the above described, however, besides largely mentioned in literature, we point out here as recommended by N.A.V., no use of terms like axial and abaxial as position indicators for equine. As a part of block anesthetic diagnosis of four metacarpophalangeal articulation points, it is hereby suggested for the studied nerves desensitization, should be palpated the distal extremities of the metacarpal bones IV and II. After the identification, using thumb located from the extremity at proximal direction way, introduce the needle bilaterally for 1.5 cm downright between the above mentioned metacarpal bones and the interosseus muscle, being these latter and the flexor muscle tendons drawn in the palmar direction. Thus, it becomes valid to affirm that the technique of four-point diagnostic anesthetic block of the metacarpophalangeal articulation has been perfected for equines, and that it will limit the chances of false results on account of misplaced puncturing of nearby structures, such as, for example, the synovial recesses, mentioned as the location of the utmost gravity, hence septic synovitis may come in play

Anatomia descritiva comparativa da artéria femoral de cachorro-do-mato, raposa-do-campo e lobo-guará

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a anatomia da artéria femoral em canídeos selvagens, como o cachorro do mato (Cerdocyon thous), a raposa do campo (Lycalopex vetulus) e o lobo-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus). Foram utilizados dois espécimes de cada grupo canídeo. Solução de látex vermelha foi injetada no sistema arterial dos animais, que foram então fixados em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10% e dissecados seguindo as técnicas rotineiras da anatomia macroscópica. Nos três grupos canídeos, o padrão arterial foi semelhante ao descrito para canídeos domésticos, em que a artéria femoral profunda origina da artéria ilíaca externa, ainda na cavidade abdominal, e envia seu primeiro ramo, a artéria femoral circunflexa lateral. Alguns ramos musculares, uma ou duas artérias femorais caudais e os ramos terminais - a artéria genicular descendente, a artéria safena e a artéria poplítea - são originários da artéria femoral. O padrão de origem desses vasos também mostra semelhanças com as de canídeos domésticos, às vezes formando troncos e ocasionalmente originando individualmente. Assim, pode-se concluir que o padrão anatômico da artéria femoral e seus ramos em canídeos selvagens mostra semelhanças com a dos canídeos domésticos, mas variações inerentes em cada espécie também estão presentes.The goal of this study was to describe the anatomy of the femoral artery in wild canids such as the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), the hoary fox (Lycalopex vetulus), and the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus). Two specimens from each canid group were used. Red dyed latex was injected in the arterial system of the animals, which were then fixed in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution and dissected following the routine techniques in macroscopic anatomy. In the three canid groups, the arterial pattern was similar to that described for domestic canids, in which the deep femoral artery rises from the external iliac artery, still in the abdominal cavity, and sends its first branch, the lateral circumflex femoral artery. A few muscular branches, one or two caudal femoral arteries, and the terminal branches – the descending genicular artery, the saphenous artery, and the popliteal artery – are all originated from the femoral artery. The origin pattern of these vessels also shows similarities with those from domestic canids, sometimes forming trunks and occasionally rising individually. Thus, it can be concluded that the anatomical pattern of the femoral artery and its branches in wild canids shows similarities with that from domestic canids, but inherent variations in each species are also present

QUALIDADE FISIOLÓGICA DE SEMENTES DE CRAMBE TRATADAS COM ZINCO E MOLIBDÊNIO

Aimed to evaluate the physiological quality of seeds of crambe treated with fertilizer-based zinc and molybdenum. The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Seed Analysis Unimontes. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications. The treatments tested consisted of five doses of commercial fertilizer composed of zinc (35%) and molybdenum (3.5%), applied to seeds at concentrations of 0; 3.3; 6.7; 10:13 fertilizer ml-1 to 0.5 kg of seed. The seed quality was assessed using the following tests: germination, first count of germination, seedling emergence and length seedlings. With increasing doses of commercial fertilizer composed of zinc and molybdenum, a reduction in germination and vigor of crambe. The physiological quality of seeds of crambe is negatively influenced by increasing doses of molybdenum.Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de crambe tratadas com fertilizante a base de zinco e molibdênio. O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes da Unimontes. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos testados constituíram de cinco doses de fertilizante comercial composto por zinco (35%) e molibdênio (3,5%), aplicados via semente nas concentrações de 0; 3,3; 6,7; 10 e 13 mL do fertilizante para 0,5 Kg-1 de sementes. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi avaliada por meio dos seguintes testes: germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, emergência de plântulas e comprimento de plântulas. Com o aumento das doses do fertilizante comercial composto por zinco e molibdênio, houve redução na germinação e vigor das sementes de crambe. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes de crambe é influenciada negativamente por doses crescentes de molibdênio

Night Work And Its Implications In The Quality Of Life Of Nurses

Objective: to know the consequences that night work can bring to the quality of life of nurses, identifying the strategies adopted by nurses to stay healthy. Method: descriptive, mixed-approach (quanti-qualitative) research, carried out with nine Nursing professionals. Data were collected in June 2016. Results: The male gender (77.7%) prevailed, the working time in the sector was between 1 and 5 years (55.5%), with the majority still working overtime (66.6%). Most participants report being dissatisfied with the quality of their sleep, although 88.8% of professionals say they are satisfied with their quality of life. From the testimonies, we obtained the meanings that were grouped in the categories: "It is something related to my health", "It interferes with my work, family and leisure ...", Night work and basic necessities. Conclusion: It was found that night work has negative social impacts that affect workers' personal and social lives. These negative aspects are compounded by poor working conditions, double working hours, overtime, among other factors