Bringing to light a new energy path : biomass residues as a contribution to a sustainable and inclusive energy source in Brazil

In 2015, the United Nations released a set of 17 goals as part of a new sustainable development agenda. The agenda focused on ending poverty, protecting the environment, and ensuring prosperity for all by 2030. The objective was to reinforce the urgency of acting in order to change the status quo. The topic of renewable energy is mentioned in goal 7, which aims to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. The opportunity for renewable energy production in developing countries is a highly relevant topic. In Brazil, more than 60% of the energy comes from hydroelectricity, making the system highly vulnerable in the context of global climate change, with precipitation and temperature shifts over the years. Hydroelectricity also dominates the energetic sector expansions, although great dams do not bring in a return proportional to their costs, and those that have been planned most recently present disastrous social, economic, and environmental consequences. Previous studies on biomass as a renewable source for energy production in Brazil have shown promising results. Biomass is characterized as plant material generated through photosynthesis and all its by-products: forest-wood, cultivated crops, animal droppings, organic matter. Characterized by its diverse possibilities of sources and conversion technologies for energy products, biomass has a high potential for renewable energy supply. Sustainable power generation through biomass should guarantee the soil health, water, and biodiversity cycle. This research is dedicated to exploring alternative future pathways for the electricity sector in Brazil that unite the respect for people and the environment, advance nature conservation as well as the lives of the people and communities involved, and thereby contribute to more sustainable development. The use of residual biomass as a source for decentralized and clean energy production that does not affect food security is the most promising option. It comes without the enormous impact of the large-scale hydroelectric dams, can be applied virtually anywhere and does not rely on a connection to the central grid, and does not compete with food supply. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the role that biomass can play in the Brazilian electricity matrix. The hypothesis is that residual biomass as an energy source could play a significant role in transforming the Brazilian energy matrix towards a sustainable path. To attain the overall goal, four general steps were defined: (1) to explore the potential areas for sustainable biomass energy production; (2) to evaluate the perspectives for biomass energy production in peripheral areas; (3) to identify the potential of biomass energy production in one entire state and (4) to evaluate the costs and social acceptance for biomass enterprises. On the First Step, the potentials areas for energy production were identified, in which the use of biomass for a sustainable power production can have a particularly high significance for the energy supply of the population: 1. areas with higher energy demand, 2. areas that were more remote of an installed transmission line, 3. areas far from already installed hydroelectric and thermoelectric power plants, 4. areas with an anthropic land use, and 5. areas of relevance for environment preservation. The main findings of this step were that there is an area of approximately seven million hectares with the potential to produce energy through biomass meeting local demand, favoring areas with fewer power connections, avoiding changes in land use, and maintaining priority areas for environmental conservation. On this basis, a new concept for energy supply could be built. The Second Step had the objective to assess potential areas where the energy could have a positive social impact in an example region. The region chosen for the study is a supplier of eucalyptus charcoal for the iron industries in the west of the state of Minas Gerais. By combining the Human Development Index, the yearly permanent crop production, the yearly silviculture production, and the yearly temporary crop production in a GIS system, it was possible to select three municipalities to study. The results indicate a potential for each of the three investigated small municipalities to be self-sustainable in energy production by using silviculture and agricultural waste, and also that the success of biomass energy generation through agriculture residue enterprises depends on more than energy efficiency. The Third Step focuses on the investigation of the possibilities to sustainably attend the demand on a larger scale. Opportunities for power generation from biomass residues in the whole Minas Gerais State were assessed, considering the silviculture and crop yield and applying a conservative index that considerers the portion of residues that should be used maintaining the soil health. The chosen crops were coffee, corn, beans, manioc, and sugarcane. The assessment of production data is vital to estimate the amount of residue generated in the production process. For all the crops, literature indicates a percentage of rests remaining from harvesting or primary processing. For the estimation of residues from forestry, data were selected on the production of eucalyptus charcoal, firewood, and wood in 2016. To ensure the sustainability of the process, data regarding wood products from native vegetation was not considered in this study. Data were generated per municipality to them be joined at the state level. The primary outcomes were that in a state with the tradition of agriculture, 78% of the municipalities could have their basic energy needs attended. This would relieve pressures placed on the construction of new hydroelectric plants, which have negative impacts on the environment. In addition, a cooperative production system among farmers can reduce costs and may allow the partial improvement of their agricultural raw material. Finally, on the fourth Step, the implementation costs were investigated. In a region were many initiatives have been carried out in order to create new opportunities for people affected by a dam rupture with very negative consequences for land use, it was pursued innovative initiatives for agriculture in the municipalities surrounding the Doce River State Park. There was an interest from the communities to increase the cultivation of certain crops and one possibility proposed to the locals was to use agricultural waste for electricity production. Ensuring the sustainability and development of clean technologies, this step sought to evaluate the potential of energy production through agricultural waste, the ideal allocation of the energy production unit, and the costs involved in the enterprise. The demand of the municipalities was considered as the monthly average consumption per resident (150 kW.h/month) and the market prices of October 2018 were applied for the calculation of the implementation costs, which was conducted by a company that works on the area and applied the potentials and the transportation distances to estimate the costs and the allocation of the power plants accordingly. The calculations of the costs involve collection logistics, transport of materials, purchase, installation, and operation of a power generating unit and team training. From a total of 16, 13 municipalities presented a production capable of meeting about 20% of local demand. Based on the residual potential, transportation costs and current market prices, the most efficient arrangement found would be to build two power plants. This step shows that a significant investment is required. But, the enterprise could be viable and pay itself in a short amount of time. This statement is even more applicable in a scenario where the agricultural area is increased, growing the power generation capacity of the power plant. Further studies should explore the spatial limitations for the agricultural expansion, modeling scenarios where the environmental constraints are respected. Over all, the input of the population on the matter is also fundamental for the continuity of such a project, but working together, municipalities can generate energy and create better power availability, jobs, income, and more opportunities for energy decentralization. The overall outcomes of this thesis show that residual biomass presented the potential to be integrated in the Brazilian energy matrix more intensively. The availability of residues was spatially assessed on different scales and could positively impact populations away from large centers and outside of development initiatives. Conservation of native vegetation areas and soil health were considered as critical points in the analyses so that a part of the agricultural residues could be left in the soil to ensure agricultural sustainability and still have a significant energy production. This work is the first of its kind and is a crucial step in the direction of a cleaner and safer energy matrix, also the first to put together a public set of data with this objective. Even adopting less efficient technologies, the availability of agricultural and silvicultural residues for energy generation was enough to be relevant to the local energy mix. The focus on improving life for populations in marginal areas, isolated from large centers, also showed that there is a lack of studies on the use of biomass residues as a contribution to a decentralized, sustainable, and socially acceptable power supply in Brazil. For developing countries, the adoption of cleaner technologies at an early stage has the potential to save a lot of effort, money, and natural resources. The effectiveness of these initiatives still relies on the engagement of rural producers, which could not be ascertained during the development of this study. The acceptance from the communities involved in bioenergy projects is essential for the implementation of successful residual biomass initiatives. The results also generated the recommendation that a more in-depth evaluation of people’s knowledge of bioenergy unveils exciting insights into the development of public policies aimed at achieving different energy sources in Brazil. They can be used as a basis for further studies observing the local characteristics and be a relevant tool for municipalities to know their potentials and seeking investments. These methods could lead to local arrangements, depending on their potentials and affinities, in order to promote biomass energy or be used by public or private initiative, as a basis for projects aimed at sustainable energy development, as basis for planning of energy generation from biomass, reducing dependence of hydro energy. The methods also could provide a basis for promoting decentralizing generation of energy, creating better conditions of social and economic development. In a large and disparate country such as Brazil, with a population quota of 54.8 million people (26.5% of the population) living below the poverty line, such efforts are even more urgent. Following the current trends of global warming, the most impoverished strata of society will be the first to suffer its adverse effects: droughts, diseases, lack of potable water and food. A cooperative energy production system from agricultural and forestry residues among rural producers can offer an alternative here. It may allow to reduce production costs and the partial improvement of agricultural raw material, adding value to the final product. In this sense, the study method can be used as a tool to organize the information on possibilities of generation of energy

Spatialized potential for biomass energy production in Brazil: An overview

The opportunity for renewable energy production in developing countries is a theme of high relevance within the context of climate change. In this paper we explore the production of electricity in Brazil and investigate the potential for sustainable biomass energy production. This is explored in a GIS system (1) establishing the demand centers or regions (energy demand factor), (2) checking if they can be served by existing capacity and transmission (transmission lines factor), (3) deciding on new generation and whether it will an island or the main grid connection (power plants factor), (4) locating the power plant subject to the potential biomass supply accepting the environmental constraints (land use and environmental preservation factors). Results show that even though large areas have a potential for biomass energy production, the lack of investments in technological improvements and changes in the system status quo result in a system that does not progress towards of becoming a cleaner, safer and less dependent on climatic factors. We conclude that biomass has the potential to grow as a source of renewable and clean energy. This potential can be explored by conserving respecting the environment and encouraging the creation of decentralized systems, thereby making Brazil a key player in the climate change targets in the coming years.Brazilian research incentive program Science Without Border

Biomass energy as a possibility for innovative agriculture initiatives

In searching for sustainable solutions for humans’ necessities, clean and safe energy possibilities have been pursued. The objective of this research is to develop a procedure that improves the integration of renewable technologies into local planning processes. The methodology should be suitable for different contexts. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the potential of energy production through agricultural waste, ensuring the sustainability and development of clean technologies, the ideal allocation of the energy production unit, and the costs involved in the enterprise. The research hypothesis is that the potential for sustainable use of biomass can be identified and evaluated, thus showing the way for an improved energy plan for Brazil. The study area is within the Doce River Basin in Brazil. The methods developed in the study could be relevant for municipalities to record their potentials for energy production and pursue investments and local arrangements, promoting sustainable biomass energy generation. The results show that with proper investment, the energy generation through biomass residues could be viable and pay itself in a short amount of time, moreover in a scenario where the agricultural area is increased, growing the power generation capacity of a biomass power plant. The current agricultural production would cover 20% of the local energy demand

A caligrafia da sociedade na paisagem : transformações no entorno de unidades de conservação da Serra do Espinhaço - MG

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Sustentável, 2013.Este trabalho procura analisar os históricos de criação de duas unidades de conservação da Serra do Espinhaço, o Parque Estadual do Rio Preto e o Parque Estadual da Serra Negra comparando os contextos sociais, políticos e naturais de cada processo entre os anos de 1986 e 2009. Para tal, buscou-se a compreensão dos padrões de uso dos recursos naturais pela população dos locais, relacionando-as aos efeitos das dinâmicas de uso dos solos ao longo do tempo, obtido por meio do monitoramento com imagens de satélites. Foi constatado que, além da forma como a proposta de cada parque chegou ao órgão ambiental e como foi feita a instalação, existe nos dois casos uma clara diferença entre uma terra cultivável e uma área com um solo pobre, usada anteriormente para coleta os recursos naturais em regime comum. No Parque Estadual da Serra Negra, onde coexistem relevância ambiental e a possibilidade de uso da terra, há um conflito pela ocupação dela. Já no Parque Estadual do Rio Preto, a importância ecológica da área não está associada a uma possibilidade de exploração mais intensa, minimizando a disputa pelo recurso. Resultados do monitoramento do uso do solo e da modelagem ambiental para projeções futuras de arranjos da paisagem indicaram a efetividade do Parque Estadual do Rio Preto na conservação da vegetação nativa e uma antiga tendência local de degradação dos recursos naturais, que foi alterada após a instalação do parque. Para o Parque Estadual da Serra Negra, a modelagem indicou que a unidade de conservação não vem cumprindo o seu papel na manutenção da vegetação nativa, pois a projeção de arranjo da paisagem que não considera a existência do parque mostrou que sem ele haveria uma cobertura vegetal nativa maior. Por outro lado, a tendência de uso dos recursos naturais pela população do Parque Estadual da Serra Negra apresentou um impacto pequeno na cobertura vegetal local. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThis research aims to analyze the historical establishment of two protected areas of the Espinhaço mountain range, the Rio Preto State Park and the Serra Negra State Park, comparing the social, political and natural process for each park, from 1986 to 2009. We sought to understand the patterns of use of natural resources by the local population, relating them to the effects of the dynamics of land use over time, obtained by satellite images monitoring. It was found that, in addition to how the park proposal came to the environmental agency and how the park installation was done, in both cases there is a clear difference between cultivable land and an area with poor soil, previously used to collect common-pool resources. The Serra Negra State Park, where environmental relevance and the possibility of land use coexists, there is a conflict for it occupation. In the Rio Preto State Park, the ecological importance of the area is not associated with a possibility of exploitation, minimizing the competition for the recourse. Results of the land use monitoring and for projections of future landscape arrangements by environmental modeling indicated the effectiveness of the Rio Preto State Park in the native vegetation conservation and an older local trend of degradation of natural resources, which was changed after the park installation. For the Serra Negra the State Park, the environmental modeling indicated that the protected area is not fulfilling its role in the maintenance of native vegetation, since the landscape arrangement projection which does not consider the existence of the park showed that without it, there would be a greater native cover. On the other hand, the natural resources use trend by the population of the Serra Negra State Park had a little impact on the site vegetation

Rapid detection of immunotoxicity and adverse reactions to new compounds using 3D skin equivalent models

Ph. D. ThesisSafety testing procedures and risk assessment analysis of newly developed chemicals are mandatory to attest them as non-toxic for human handling. The European Union implemented several regulations enforcing safety testing and has recently banned the use of animals for toxicology studies for human safety. From in vitro cell-based assays to reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) models, there are several non-animal alternatives for toxicology studies to determine human safety. Cell-based assays are not accurate enough to predict the toxic potential of chemicals as they are a two-dimensional (2D) representation of skin cells. Three-dimensional (3D) RHE models are better, as they allow for differentiation of skin epidermal layers (i.e. stratum corneum). Commercially available RHE models are now the gold standard for toxicity studies for human safety and some of these have been validated by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) for skin irritation and corrosion testing (two major categories of skin toxicity). The aim of this study was to develop an open source 3D epidermal skin culture based on Poumay’s work. Using the Alvetex Strata scaffold, cell seeding was optimised using 1x106 keratinocytes for a 30 day culture period for best differentiation of the stratum corneum layer (confirmed by immunofluorescence staining of involucrin). Further optimization of vitamin C and calcium supplements did not seem to improve distribution of keratinocytes throughout the scaffold. Ultimately, the best results were achieved by the addition of a human-based collagen coat to the Alvetex Strata Scaffold, where development of stratum corneum was confirmed by collagen and involucrin staining. Moreover, development of the stratum basale layer was confirmed by cytokeratin 14 immunofluorescence. Evaluation of the 3D epidermal skin culture was tested following OECD Testing Guideline (TG) 439 for skin irritation in 12 reference chemicals from the 20 reference chemicals list in TG 439. Results showed the 3D epidermal skin culture was able to distinguish non-irritant from irritant chemicals using 10 different keratinocyte donors. Comparative performance analysis with a monolayer (2D) keratinocyte culture, a commercial RHE model and a collagen-based RHE models were performed. Results showed similar outcomes between the different models, while the monolayer culture performed poorly in discriminating irritant from non-irritant chemicals. Overall, these results were indicative of the predicative capacity of the 3D epidermal skin culture for in vitro testing of skin irritation. The second aim of this project was to use a skin explant assay, developed by Alcyomics, as a novel in vitro test for assessment of immunotoxicity caused by aggregation of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). mAbs are important therapeutics but their potential for aggregation has become a critical quality parameter that can turn into a potential health risk during the administration of mAb therapeutics to patients. While the extent of immunotoxicity in patient populations is uncertain, reports show that it can lead to immune responses via cell activation and cytokine release. Our results showed that aggregated mAbs caused adverse immune events by evidence of tissue damage, expression of cell death markers and overall increase of IFN-γ (pro-inflammatory cytokine). These results showed that the skin explant assay could be a promising tool for predicating immunotoxicity caused by mAb aggregation. In conclusion, this study has provided further insight on the assessment of skin toxicity and immunotoxicity using in vitro skin assays.BIORAPI

The handwriting of society on the landscape: modeling of the Environmental Changes on the Borders of Protected Areas located in the Espinhaço Mountain Range, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Este artigo analisa os contextos da criação de duas áreas protegidas localizadas na Serra do Espinhaço, no estado de Minas Gerais (Brasil): Parque Estadual do Rio Preto e Parque Estadual de Serra Negra. O trabalho compara os contextos sociais e naturais do processo de criação das duas áreas protegidas entre os anos de 1986 e 2009. Para tanto, buscamos entender os padrões de uso dos recursos naturais pelas populações locais, relacionando-os com os resultados da dinâmica do uso da terra ao longo do tempo, identificados através do monitoramento com imagens orbitais e através da modelagem ambiental. Quanto à análise do uso do solo, as mudanças na paisagem ao redor do Parque Estadual do Rio Preto corroboraram os levantamentos de campo, que registraram um aumento na percepção da população local sobre os problemas ambientais e na fiscalização após a criação do parque. Nenhuma relação relevante foi encontrada para o Parque Estadual de Serra Negra. A modelagem ambiental do Parque Estadual do Rio Preto registrou um resultado positivo em termos de proteção ambiental, pois uma tendência de degradação dos recursos naturais foi contida após a criação do parque. Para o Parque Estadual de Serra Negra, embora a proteção da área não tenha influenciado as mudanças na paisagem, a dinâmica de uso dos recursos pela população local não degradou o ambiente natural

Economia solidária e trabalho coletivo : Um olhar sobre a Cooperativa do Riachão no Norte de Minas Gerais - Brasil

It is intended to discuss the prospect of collective work in solidarity economy, from experiences with those of the Cooperative Riachao workers, located in a rural community in the municipality of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais / Brazil, this approximately 240 farming families extractive are benefited with the generation of jobs and income through initiatives grounded in associations, cooperatives and collectives. Among the 80 to 90 years, appeared inBrazil experiences of solidarity, resulting economy of the labor market crisis and rising unemployment, and an important response to the workers in relation to changes in the world of work. It is grounded in the organization of groups of workers, by way of solidarity, community, cooperation, and self-management reactions. In this sense, we intend to present the achievements, challenges and dilemmas of workers COOPERIACHAO, around a project that aims at empowerment of social actors and social transformation of the subjectPretende-se discutir a perspectiva do trabalho coletivo na economia solidária, a partir de vivências junto aos trabalhadores da Cooperativa do Riachao, localizada numa comunidade rural, no município de Montes claros, Minas Gerais/Brasil, nesta, aproximadamente 240 famílias agricultoras extrativistas sao beneficiadas com a geraçao de trabalho e renda, através de iniciativas pautadas no associativismo, cooperativismo e coletivismo. Entre as décadas de 80 aos anos 90, surgem no Brasil experiências de economia solidária, resultantes da crise do mercado de trabalho, e do aumento do desemprego, sendo uma resposta importante aos trabalhadores em relaçao às transformaçoes ocorridas no mundo do trabalho. Trata-se de reaçoes fundamentadas na organizaçao dos grupos de trabalhadores, pela via da solidariedade, coletividade, cooperaçao e autogestao. Neste sentido, pretendemos apresentar as conquistas, desafios e dilemas dos trabalhadores da COOPERIACHAO, em torno de um projeto que visa à emancipaçao dos atores sociais e a transformaçao social dos sujeito

Children with phenylketonuria: basic audiological evaluation and suppression of otoacoustic emissions

PURPOSE: To evaluate the auditory pathways of children with early-treated phenylketonuria through audiometry, immitance tests, and suppression of transient otoacoustic emissions. METHODS: Prospective cross-sectional study with sample composed by 28 children: 12 with phenylketonuria and 16 without the disease. Participants underwent auditory evaluations composed of air- and bone-conduction pure-tone audiometry, speech audiometry, immittance tests and suppression of transient otoacoustic emissions. RESULTS: All participants presented normal results in pure-tone and speech audiometry; however, speech discrimination scores were lower on the phenylketonuria group. Immitance tests revealed normal tympanograms for all children, but stapedial reflex thresholds demonstrated higher thresholds in 2 and 4 kHz for children with phenylketonuria. The suppresion of transient otoacoustic emissions did not show difference in the comparison between groups. CONCLUSION: The basic audiologic assessment do not identify hearing disorders in children with phenylketonuria; however, speech discrimination scores were lower and stapedial reflexes were higher in these children, which may indicate auditory processing disorders. The study of the suppression of transient otoacoustic emissions demonstrated integrity of the olivocochlear efferent system in children with phenylketonuria.OBJETIVO: Avaliar a via auditiva de crianças com fenilcetonúria tratadas precocemente, por meio de audiometria, imitanciometria e supressão das emissões otoacústicas transientes. MÉTODOS:Estudo prospectivo transversal comparativo com amostra composta por 28 crianças, sendo 12 com fenilcetonúria e 16 sem a doença. Foi realizada a pesquisa dos limiares de audibilidade por via aérea e óssea, logoaudiometria, imitanciometria e supressão das emissões otoacústicas transientes. RESULTADOS: A audiometria e a logoaudiometria estiveram normais em todos os participantes. Foram encontrados piores resultados para o índice de reconhecimento de fala (IRF) no grupo com fenilcetonúria. A imitanciometria revelou curva normal para todas as crianças, mas a pesquisa dos reflexos estapedianos demonstrou que as crianças do grupo com fenilcetonúria apresentaram aumento nos seus limiares nas frequências de 2 e 4 kHz. A supressão das emissões otoacústicas transientes não revelou diferença na comparação entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: A avaliação audiológica básica não identifica alterações na audição das crianças com fenilcetonúria, mas há pior discriminação ao IRF e aumento nos limiares de reflexos estapedianos nessas crianças, podendo indicar distúrbios do processamento auditivo. O estudo da supressão das otoemissões demonstra integridade do sistema eferente olivococlear medial nas crianças com fenilcetonúria.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de FonoaudiologiaUNIFESP, Depto. de FonoaudiologiaSciEL

Economía solidária e trabalho coletivo: um olhar sobre a cooperativa do Riachão no norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil

Pretende-se discutir a perspectiva do trabalho coletivo na economia solidária, a partir de vivências junto aos trabalhadores da Cooperativa do Riachão, localizada numa comunidade rural, no município de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais/Brasil, nesta, aproximadamente 240 famílias agricultoras extrativistas são beneficiadas com a geração de trabalho e renda, através de iniciativas pautadas no associativismo, cooperativismo e coletivismo. Entre as décadas de 80 aos anos 90, surgem no Brasil experiências de economia solidária, resultantes da crise do mercado de trabalho, e do aumento do desemprego, sendo uma resposta importante aos trabalhadores em relação à s transformações ocorridas no mundo do trabalho. Trata-se de reações fundamentadas na organização dos grupos de trabalhadores, pela via da solidariedade, coletividade, cooperação e autogestão. Neste sentido, pretendemos apresentar as conquistas, desafios e dilemas dos trabalhadores da COOPERIACHÃO, em torno de um projeto que visa à emancipação dos atores sociais e a transformação social dos sujeitos.Mesa 23: Asociativismo, economía social y tercer sector: las tensiones de una agenda en construcción.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Economía solidária e trabalho coletivo: um olhar sobre a cooperativa do Riachão no norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil

Pretende-se discutir a perspectiva do trabalho coletivo na economia solidária, a partir de vivências junto aos trabalhadores da Cooperativa do Riachão, localizada numa comunidade rural, no município de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais/Brasil, nesta, aproximadamente 240 famílias agricultoras extrativistas são beneficiadas com a geração de trabalho e renda, através de iniciativas pautadas no associativismo, cooperativismo e coletivismo. Entre as décadas de 80 aos anos 90, surgem no Brasil experiências de economia solidária, resultantes da crise do mercado de trabalho, e do aumento do desemprego, sendo uma resposta importante aos trabalhadores em relação à s transformações ocorridas no mundo do trabalho. Trata-se de reações fundamentadas na organização dos grupos de trabalhadores, pela via da solidariedade, coletividade, cooperação e autogestão. Neste sentido, pretendemos apresentar as conquistas, desafios e dilemas dos trabalhadores da COOPERIACHÃO, em torno de um projeto que visa à emancipação dos atores sociais e a transformação social dos sujeitos.Mesa 23: Asociativismo, economía social y tercer sector: las tensiones de una agenda en construcción.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació