139 research outputs found
In Re Reilly, Revamping Taylor in Contravention of the Code
Article published in the Michigan State University School of Law Student Scholarship Collection
Lower cardiorespiratory fitness contributes to increased insulin resistance and fasting glycaemia in middle-aged South Asian compared with European men living in the UK
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: This study aimed to determine the extent to which increased insulin resistance and fasting glycaemia in South Asian men, compared with white European men, living in the UK, was due to lower cardiorespiratory fitness (maximal oxygen uptake [[Formula: see text]]) and physical activity. METHODS: One hundred South Asian and 100 age- and BMI-matched European men without diagnosed diabetes, aged 40–70 years, had fasted blood taken for measurement of glucose concentration, HOMA-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA(IR)), plus other risk factors, and underwent assessment of physical activity (using accelerometry), [Formula: see text], body size and composition, and demographic and other lifestyle factors. For 13 South Asian and one European man, HbA(1c) levels were >6.5% (>48 mmol/mol), indicating potential undiagnosed diabetes; these men were excluded from the analyses. Linear regression models were used to determine the extent to which body size and composition, fitness and physical activity variables explained differences in HOMA(IR) and fasting glucose between South Asian and European men. RESULTS: HOMA(IR) and fasting glucose were 67% (p < 0.001) and 3% (p < 0.018) higher, respectively, in South Asians than Europeans. Lower [Formula: see text], lower physical activity and greater total adiposity in South Asians individually explained 68% (95% CI 45%, 91%), 29% (11%, 46%) and 52% (30%, 80%), respectively, and together explained 83% (50%, 119%) (all p < 0.001) of the ethnic difference in HOMA(IR). Lower [Formula: see text] and greater total adiposity, respectively, explained 61% (9%, 111%) and 39% (9%, 76%) (combined effect 63% [8%, 115%]; all p < 0.05) of the ethnic difference in fasting glucose. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Lower cardiorespiratory fitness is a key factor associated with the excess insulin resistance and fasting glycaemia in middle-aged South Asian, compared with European, men living in the UK. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00125-013-2969-y) contains peer-reviewed but unedited supplementary material, which is available to authorised users
Antiseizure medication withdrawal risk estimation and recommendations: A survey of American Academy of Neurology and EpiCARE members
Objective
Choosing candidates for antiseizure medication (ASM) withdrawal in well‐controlled epilepsy is challenging. We evaluated (a) the correlation between neurologists' seizure risk estimation (“clinician predictions”) vs calculated predictions, (b) how viewing calculated predictions influenced recommendations, and (c) barriers to using risk calculation.MethodsWe asked US and European neurologists to predict 2‐year seizure risk after ASM withdrawal for hypothetical vignettes. We compared ASM withdrawal recommendations before vs after viewing calculated predictions, using generalized linear models.
Results
Three‐hundred and forty‐six neurologists responded. There was moderate correlation between clinician and calculated predictions (Spearman coefficient 0.42). Clinician predictions varied widely, for example, predictions ranged 5%‐100% for a 2‐year seizure‐free adult without epileptiform abnormalities. Mean clinician predictions exceeded calculated predictions for vignettes with epileptiform abnormalities (eg, childhood absence epilepsy: clinician 65%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 57%‐74%; calculated 46%) and surgical vignettes (eg, focal cortical dysplasia 6‐month seizure‐free mean clinician 56%, 95% CI 52%‐60%; calculated 28%). Clinicians overestimated the influence of epileptiform EEG findings on withdrawal risk (26%, 95% CI 24%‐28%) compared with calculators (14%, 95% 13%‐14%). Viewing calculated predictions slightly reduced willingness to withdraw (−0.8/10 change, 95% CI −1.0 to −0.7), particularly for vignettes without epileptiform abnormalities. The greatest barrier to calculator use was doubting its accuracy (44%).
Significance
Clinicians overestimated the influence of abnormal EEGs particularly for low‐risk patients and overestimated risk and the influence of seizure‐free duration for surgical patients, compared with calculators. These data may question widespread ordering of EEGs or time‐based seizure‐free thresholds for surgical patients. Viewing calculated predictions reduced willingness to withdraw particularly without epileptiform abnormalities
The relationships between perfectionism, pathological worry and generalised anxiety disorder
Background: The relationships between perfectionism, pathological worry and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) were investigated in a clinical sample presenting for treatment of perfectionism. Method: This study explored the utility of perfectionism in predicting pathological worry in a sample of individuals with elevated perfectionism and GAD (n = 36). Following this, the study examined whether perfectionism could predict a principal GAD diagnosis in the full sample (n = 42).Results: Scores on the perfectionism dimensions Concern over Mistakes, Personal Standards, and Clinical Perfectionism significantly predicted pathological worry among participants with GAD after controlling for gender and depression. The perfectionism dimension Doubts about Actions significantly predicted whether individuals from the full sample received a principal diagnosis of GAD. Conclusions: These findings support certain dimensions of perfectionism having significant associations with pathological worry and GAD
The Vehicle, Fall 2009
Table of Contents
Poetry
AliveRashelle McNairpage 3
Train of ThoughtsJeanette Saribekianpage 4
Biding the TideMarlee Lutzpage 5
Rotten HarvestJessyca Revillapage 15
Nostalgia ODJustine Fittonpage 16
Beyond WordsAshley Wrightpage 26
Don\u27tMelinda Knightpage 27
Happy HourStephen Garciapage 35
UntitledDaniel Paquinpage 37
Vibrant SensationsAshton Tembypage 38
Scarecrow Sally on a Saturday NightDaniel Davispage 45
The FarmAshley Wrightpage 49
Anything ButJustine Fittonpage 51
CrashDanielle Shirtinopage 53
Weathering SatisfactionRashelle McNairpage 54
SeminarDaniel Davispage 71
Nature\u27s Mood SwingsJeanette Saribekianpage 72
The PerformanceMelinda Knightpage 68
AmaterasuMarlee Lutzpage 82
Prose
AirLauren Davidsonpage 6
The Twang of OrangesJ.T. Dawsonpage 18
ListenStephani Pescitellipage 29
The Rise and Fall of NickNickolas Alexanderpage 30
LossSimyona Deanovapage 39
Like DiamondsMark Rheaumepage 42
Moral FixationBryan Rolfsenpage 47
Reflections in College AlgebraNicole Reichertpage 52
LeashDaniel Paquinpage 56
I Lost My KeysJustine Fittonpage 75
A Third Grade EssayMark Rheaumepage 69
Be Careful, They BiteDaniel Davispage 84
Art
Limb BurgAlycia Rockeycover
AvesSamantha Flowerspage 14
Life-LuminescenceStephani Pescitellipage 25
MonopolyMegan Mathypage 28
Carousel NostalgiaAlycia Rockeypage 36
ShoesSarah Olsonpage 41
Waimea BayJarrod Taylorpage 50
Peacock Plumage Alycia Rockeypage 55
Building a HouseStephani Pescitellipage 70
ShellMegan Mathypage 74
From the VacationSamantha Flowerspage 73
Chicago CanopyAlycia Rockeypage 83
Features
Editor\u27s NoteLindsey Durbinpage 1
LazarusDr. David Radavichpage 2
James K. Johnson Creative Writing Awardpage 88
Winning Entries (Poetry)Matthew J. Schumakepage 89
Winning Entry (Nonfiction)Jennifer O\u27Neilpage 92
Interview, 2009 Chapbook WinnerDaniel Davispage 95
Contributorspage 99https://thekeep.eiu.edu/vehicle/1090/thumbnail.jp
The Vehicle, Fall 2009
Table of Contents
Poetry
AliveRashelle McNairpage 3
Train of ThoughtsJeanette Saribekianpage 4
Biding the TideMarlee Lutzpage 5
Rotten HarvestJessyca Revillapage 15
Nostalgia ODJustine Fittonpage 16
Beyond WordsAshley Wrightpage 26
Don\u27tMelinda Knightpage 27
Happy HourStephen Garciapage 35
UntitledDaniel Paquinpage 37
Vibrant SensationsAshton Tembypage 38
Scarecrow Sally on a Saturday NightDaniel Davispage 45
The FarmAshley Wrightpage 49
Anything ButJustine Fittonpage 51
CrashDanielle Shirtinopage 53
Weathering SatisfactionRashelle McNairpage 54
SeminarDaniel Davispage 71
Nature\u27s Mood SwingsJeanette Saribekianpage 72
The PerformanceMelinda Knightpage 68
AmaterasuMarlee Lutzpage 82
Prose
AirLauren Davidsonpage 6
The Twang of OrangesJ.T. Dawsonpage 18
ListenStephani Pescitellipage 29
The Rise and Fall of NickNickolas Alexanderpage 30
LossSimyona Deanovapage 39
Like DiamondsMark Rheaumepage 42
Moral FixationBryan Rolfsenpage 47
Reflections in College AlgebraNicole Reichertpage 52
LeashDaniel Paquinpage 56
I Lost My KeysJustine Fittonpage 75
A Third Grade EssayMark Rheaumepage 69
Be Careful, They BiteDaniel Davispage 84
Art
Limb BurgAlycia Rockeycover
AvesSamantha Flowerspage 14
Life-LuminescenceStephani Pescitellipage 25
MonopolyMegan Mathypage 28
Carousel NostalgiaAlycia Rockeypage 36
ShoesSarah Olsonpage 41
Waimea BayJarrod Taylorpage 50
Peacock Plumage Alycia Rockeypage 55
Building a HouseStephani Pescitellipage 70
ShellMegan Mathypage 74
From the VacationSamantha Flowerspage 73
Chicago CanopyAlycia Rockeypage 83
Features
Editor\u27s NoteLindsey Durbinpage 1
LazarusDr. David Radavichpage 2
James K. Johnson Creative Writing Awardpage 88
Winning Entries (Poetry)Matthew J. Schumakepage 89
Winning Entry (Nonfiction)Jennifer O\u27Neilpage 92
Interview, 2009 Chapbook WinnerDaniel Davispage 95
Contributorspage 99https://thekeep.eiu.edu/vehicle/1090/thumbnail.jp
The farnesoid X receptor regulates transcription of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in human adrenal cells
Recent studies have shown that the adrenal cortex expresses high levels of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), but its function remains not known. Herein, using microarray technology, we tried to identify candidate FXR targeting genes in the adrenal glands, and showed that FXR regulates 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD3B2) expression in human adrenocortical cells. We further demonstrated that FXR stimulated HSD3B2 promoter activity and have defined the cis-element responsible for FXR regulation of HSD3B2 transcription. Transfection of H295R adrenocortical cells with FXR expression vector effectively increased FXR expression levels and additional treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) caused a 25-fold increase in the mRNA for organic solute transporter alpha (OSTα), a known FXR target gene. HSD3B2 mRNA levels also increased following CDCA treatment in a concentration-dependent manner. Cells transfected with a HSD3B2 promoter construct and FXR expression vector responded to CDCA with a 20-fold increase in reporter activity compared to control. Analysis of constructs containing sequential deletions of the HSD3B2 promoter suggested a putative regulatory element between -166 and -101. Mutation of an inverted repeat between -137 and -124 completely blocked CDCA/FXR induced reporter activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays further confirmed the presence of a FXR response element in the HSD3B2 promoter. In view of the emerging role of FXR agonists as therapeutic treatment of diabetes and certain liver diseases, the effects of such agonists on other FXR expressing tissues should be considered. Our findings suggest that in human adrenal cells, FXR increases transcription and expression of HSD3B2. Alterations in this enzyme would influence the capacity of the adrenal gland to produce corticosteroids
Ageism and sexuality
Sexuality remains important throughout a person’s life, but sexual behavior does not receive the same levels of acceptance at all ages. Older people are challenged by ageist attitudes and perceptions that hinder their sexual expression. They are stereotyped as non-sexual beings who should not, cannot, and do not want to have sexual relationships. Expressing sexuality or engaging in sexual activity in later life is considered by many in society as immoral or perverted. False expectations for older people also stem from ideals of beauty, centralization of the biomedical perspective on sexuality of older adults, and the association of sex with reproduction. Unfortunately, older people internalize many ageist attitudes towards sexuality in later life and become less interested in sex and less sexually active. The following chapter explores attitudes towards sexuality in later life among the media, young people, older people themselves, and care providers. In order to enable older people to express their sexuality and sexual identity freely and fully, awareness of ageist perceptions must be raised and defeated
Distinct Timing Mechanisms Produce Discrete and Continuous Movements
The differentiation of discrete and continuous movement is one of the pillars of motor behavior classification. Discrete movements have a definite beginning and end, whereas continuous movements do not have such discriminable end points. In the past decade there has been vigorous debate whether this classification implies different control processes. This debate up until the present has been empirically based. Here, we present an unambiguous non-empirical classification based on theorems in dynamical system theory that sets discrete and continuous movements apart. Through computational simulations of representative modes of each class and topological analysis of the flow in state space, we show that distinct control mechanisms underwrite discrete and fast rhythmic movements. In particular, we demonstrate that discrete movements require a time keeper while fast rhythmic movements do not. We validate our computational findings experimentally using a behavioral paradigm in which human participants performed finger flexion-extension movements at various movement paces and under different instructions. Our results demonstrate that the human motor system employs different timing control mechanisms (presumably via differential recruitment of neural subsystems) to accomplish varying behavioral functions such as speed constraints
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