Transactional and Relational Approaches to Political Connections and the Cost of Debt

This paper highlights how debtholders value political connections. Specifically, it investigates whether lenders favor transactional connection as opposed to repeated relational connection. Tracing firms in a politically volatile emerging democracy, the paper confirms that firms with transactional political connection strategy experience a relatively lower cost of debt than those with relational strategy. The results are more pronounced for firms with high risk of financial distress

Husbandry factors affecting survival and growth of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fry and an evaluation of dietary ingredients available in Bangladesh for the formulation of a carp fry diet

In an effort to make a positive contribution to improving nursery management, some key husbandry and water quality requirements of common carp fry were investigated. Investigations were also conducted to evaluate some dietary ingredients available in Bangladesh for the formulation of a complete diet for carp fry. Studies on the effect of temperature and feeding rate conducted in laboratory recirculated water systems, showed that within a temperature range of 24 to 35°C, 32°C was optimal for growth and food conversion of carp fry receiving a feeding rate of 20-30% body weight/day. It was also observed that maximum growth occurred at feeding rates of 20-25%, 25-30% and 30% BW/day at rearing temperatures of 24, 28 and 32-35®C respectively. It is suggested, based on the experimental results, that in a recirculated water system, with a water temperature of 28°C and under fully oxygenated conditions, a stocking density of 7-11g flsh/litre can be maintained without any adverse effect on growth and food conversion provided the fish receive a feeding rate of 15-25% BW/day. In an experimental evaluation of mustard, sesame, linseed, copra, leucaena and groundnut meals as dietary protein source for carp fry it was found that linseed followed by groundnut and sesame meal gave the most promising results. When a combination of different plant protein sources was used, linsead, groundnut and sesame meals, in various combinations up to a level representing 60% replacement of fish meal protein, proved suitable In the formulation of a complete diet for carp fry. Experimental Investigations on the water quality requirements of carp fry showed that fish of site range 206-299 mg were fairly tolerant to un-ionised ammonia, the 96-h median lethal concentration (LC50) value ranged between 1.74 and 1.85 mgl-1 NH3-N. Nitrite tolerance of carp fry was found to be highly variable depending on the concentration of chloride and pH of water; increased tolerance was observed with Increased chloride concentration and pH of water. Nitrite tolerance, however, did not vary for carp fry weighing between 75 and 450 mg. Carp fry were found to be highly tolerant to nitrate toxicity; only concentrations of 1000 mgl¬-1 NO3-N and above proved lethal. The temperature tolerance of carp fry at different acclimation temperatures was also investigated. The results showed that carp fry have a high incipient lethal temperature and can withstand a large fluctuation of temperature; the upper incipient lethal temperature varied between 33.5 and 38.8 °C for acclimation temperature. In the range 16 to 34°C. The results of this study are discussed in relation to previous research publications on carp fry and to the practical problems of carp culture in Bangladesh

Transition Frequencies and Negative Resistance of Inductively Terminated CMOS Buffer Cell and Application in MMW LC VCO

This paper investigates the transition frequencies (trans) of an inductively terminated CMOS source follower buffer for negative resistance behavior at which the effective shunt resistance looking into the source of the buffer cell changes sign. Possible limiting frequencies of oscillation are determined based on resonators formed by a grounded gate inductor and a parasitic capacitance at the gate of the negative resistance buffer cell. The range of frequencies of oscillation of this negative resistance buffer cell for variations in the different circuit parameters/elements is explored. Following this, a millimeter wave (MMW) oscillator is simulated using the IBM 130 nm CMOS process technology which can operate at 70 GHz. High-frequency MOSFET model was used for these simulations. The cell had an extremely low power dissipation of under 3 mW. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations were carried out for manufacturability analysis considering up to 50% variation in process and geometrical parameters, supply voltage, and ambient temperature. Noise analysis and a simulated estimate of the phase noise in an MMW LC VCO application is also reported

A 12 dB 0.7 V 850 µW CMOS LNA for 866 MHz UHF RFID Reader

The design of a narrow-band cascode CMOS inductive source-degenerated low noise amplifier (LNA) for 866 MHz UHF RFID reader is presented. Compared to other previously reported narrow-band LNA designs, in this paper the finite g ds (= 1/r 0 ) effect has been considered to improve the nanometric design, achieving simultaneous impedance and minimum F min noise matching at a very low power drain of 850 μW from a 0.7 V supply voltage. The LNA was fabricated using the IBM 130 nm CMOS process delivering a forward power gain (S 21 ) of ≈12 dB, a reverse isolation (S 12 ) of ≈ −34 dB, an output power reflection (S 22 @866 MHz) of ≈ − 25 dB, and an input power reflection (S 11 @866 MHz) of ≈ − 12 dB. It had a minimum pass-band NF of around 2.2 dB and a third-order input referred intercept point (IIP3) of ≈ − 11.5 dBm

Data-driven solution to identify sentiments from online drug reviews.

With the proliferation of the internet, social networking sites have become a primary source of user-generated content, including vast amounts of information about medications, diagnoses, treatments, and disorders. Comments on previously used medicines, contained within these data, can be leveraged to identify crucial adverse drug reactions, and machine learning (ML) approaches such as sentiment analysis (SA) can be employed to derive valuable insights. However, given the sheer volume of comments, it is often impractical for consumers to manually review all of them before determining a purchase decision. Therefore, drug assessments can serve as a valuable source of medical information for both healthcare professionals and the general public, aiding in decision making and improving public monitoring systems by revealing collective experiences. Nonetheless, the unstructured and linguistic nature of the comments poses a significant challenge for effective categorization, with previous studies having utilized machine and deep learning (DL) algorithms to address this challenge. Despite both approaches showing promising results, DL classifiers outperformed ML classifiers in previous studies. Therefore, the objective of our study was to improve upon earlier research by applying SA to medication reviews and training five ML algorithms on two distinct feature extractions and four DL classifiers on two different word-embedding approaches to obtain higher categorization scores. Our findings indicated that the random forest trained on the count vectorizer outperformed all other ML algorithms, achieving an accuracy and F1 score of 96.65% and 96.42%, respectively. Furthermore, the bidirectional LSTM (Bi-LSTM) model trained on GloVe embedding resulted in an even better accuracy and F1 score, reaching 97.40% and 97.42%, respectively. Hence, by utilizing appropriate natural language processing and ML algorithms, we were able to achieve superior results compared to earlier studies

Simultaneous determination of amoxicillin and chloramphenicol and their drug interaction study by the validated UPLC method

AbstractA new UPLC method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of amoxicillin and chloramphenicol in pharmaceutical formulations. Drugs were resolved on Shim-Pack XR-ODS (2mm i.d.×50mm, particle size 2.2μm) reverse-phase column, utilizing a mobile phase of methanol:0.0025M ammonium acetate in the initial ratio 40:60 (v/v) at a gradient program. The mobile phase was pumped at a flow rate of 0.25mL/min with detection at 220nm. 10μL volume of sample was injected by the auto sampler. Separation was completed within 2.72±0.03min. Calibration curves were linear with correlation coefficient 0.999 over a studied concentration range of 10μgmL−1 for both drugs. Method was found to be reproducible with relative standard deviation (RSD) for intra- and interday precision to be <1.5% over the said concentration range. The mean recovery of the drug from the standard solution was 99.39%. LOD was found to be 0.03 and 0.025μgmL−1 for amoxicillin and chloramphenicol, respectively. The proposed method is simple, fast, accurate, precise and reproducible hence, it can be applied for routine quality control analysis of amoxicillin and chloramphenicol in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. Furthermore, study revealed that adverse drug interaction due to their concomitant use is not from pharmaceutical interaction