Preparation, Physicochemical Characterization and Performance Evaluation of Gold Nanoparticles in Radiotherapy

Purpose: The aim of the present study was preparation, physicochemical characterization and performance evaluation of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in radiotherapy. Another objective was the investigation of anti-bacterial efficacy of gold nanoparticle against E. coli clinical strains. Methods: Gold nanoparticles prepared by controlled reduction of an aqueous HAuCl4 solution using Tri sodium citrate. Particle size analysis and Transmission electron microscopy were used for physicochemical characterization. Polymer gel dosimetry was used for evaluation of the enhancement of absorbed dose. Diffusion method in agar media was used for investigation of anti-bacterial effect. Results: Gold nanoparticles synthesized in size range from 57 nm to 346 nm by planning different formulation. Gold nanoparticle in 57 nm size increased radiation dose effectiveness with the magnitude of about 21 %. At the concentration of 400 ppm, Nano gold exhibited significant anti-bacterial effect against E. coli clinical strains. Conclusion: It is concluded that gold nanoparticles can be applied as dose enhancer in radiotherapy. The Investigation of anti-bacterial efficacy showed that gold nanoparticle had significant effect against E. coli clinical strains

Antioxidant enzyme changes in response to osmotic stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedling

In order to evaluate the effects of osmotic stress on behavioral responses of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), a factorial experiment was carried out under laboratory conditions with three groups of wheat genotypes (tolerant, intermediate and susceptible) and three osmotic stress levels induced by PEG (control, mild and severe). Electrophoretic analyses were performed for three antioxidant enzymes SOD, POX and CAT in shoots of wheat seedlings using 7.5% slab polyacrylamide gels. The activities of GR and APX were determined spectrophotometrically. For SOD, POX and CAT, two, seven and one isozymes were observed, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that osmotic stress has a significant effect on enzymatic activities in wheat seedlings. POX, CAT, GR and APXactivities were increased significantly in the severe stress compared with control condition about 31, 61, 129 and 149 percent, respectively. Whereas, SOD activity increased significantly by 41% in the mild stress compared with control treatment. The highest enzymatic activity was belonged to tolerant group under severe stress conditions for almost all of isozymes and enzymes. Among the antioxidant enzymes, APX activity was increased most drastically in severe stress condition. The extent of damage to the wheat seedlings seems to depend on genotype and severity of osmotic stress

Selection of superior wheat genotypes against end-season drought of Ardabil in the presence of humic fertilizer by utilization of multivariate statistics

Irrigated wheat in cold regions of Iran is faced with the end drought stress. Humic substances, as natural  biological origin fertilizers have mitigation activity on plants facing the biotic and abiotic stresses. This  experiment was conducted by a split plot on the basis of completely randomized block design (RB) in Ardabil in 2008 to 2009 farmer year. Main factor was stressed and non stressed conditions; and sub factor was  genotypes. Gascogne, Toos, 4057 and 4041 were the most tolerant genotypes against stress from mean  productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP) and stress susceptibility index (STI) indices; and had  highest yield in this research. Gascogen, Sabalan and 4057 genotypes had the low susceptibility against stress by stress susceptibility index (SSI). On the basis of stress tolerance (TOL), genotypes 4041 and Toos had a  high tolerance to drought stress. In non-stress condition, there were significantly positive correlations  between yield and MP, GMP, STI and TOL. And, in the stress condition, correlation of yield with GMP and STI  were significantly positive. Correlation of yield with SSI was negative and significant for stress condition.  Cluster analysis was placed 4041 and Toos genotypes in a group which were the best genotypes of this  research. These two genotypes had the high yield relative to others in the both conditions of stress and non  stress. Principle components analysis showed that yield component was justified 64% of the changes;   tolerance indices component 30% of the changes.Key words: Wheat, stress, humic fertilizer, tolerance indices

Comparando os efeitos do letrozol e os efeitos do tratamento de rotina da síndrome dos ovários policísticos na melhora dos sintomas de hiperandrogenismo

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the common forms of chronic anovulation associated with an increase in androgens. This disorder is associated with important morbidities during reproductive years. The objective of this research was to compare the effects of letrozole and routine treatment (oral Ethinylestradiol, cyproterone acetate and metformin) of polycystic ovary syndrome in improving symptoms of hyperandrogenism (hirsutism, acne).This is an applied-experimental study in which, 80 patients diagnosed with PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) were randomly divided into two groups. The first group was treated with 2.5 mg of Letrozole daily and the second group was treated with 500 mg of metformin once per day, 100 mg of cyproterone acetate once per day since 5-15 days of menstruation and oral Ethinylestradiol daily since 5 -25 days of menstrual cycles and they were followed-up regularly and periodically in the endocrinology clinic. After collecting data, they were analyzed using spss Software. No significant difference was found between two groups in the improvement of the hirsutism (p = 0.27). No significant difference was found between two groups in the improvement of acne (p = 0.54). In addition, the results of this study did not show any significant difference between the two groups in terms of acne and hirsutism improvement in the 6-month follow up.Based on the results of this study, two groups did not differ significantly. However, given the reduction in Ferriman-Gallwey score, letrozole can be a suitable drug for treating the symptoms of hyperandrogenism. Extensive studies are required in this regard to prove this assumption.El síndrome de ovario poliquístico (SOP) es una de las formas comunes de anovulación crónica asociada con un aumento de los andrógenos. Este trastorno se asocia con importantes morbilidades durante los años reproductivos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue comparar los efectos del letrozol y el tratamiento de rutina (etinilestradiol oral, acetato de ciproterona y metformina) del síndrome de ovario poliquístico para mejorar los síntomas de hiperandrogenismo (hirsutismo, acné).Este es un estudio experimental aplicado en el que 80 pacientes diagnosticados con SOP (síndrome de ovario poliquístico) se dividieron aleatoriamente en dos grupos. El primer grupo se trató con 2,5 mg de letrozol al día y el segundo grupo se trató con 500 mg de metformina una vez al día, 100 mg de acetato de ciproterona una vez al día desde los 5 a 15 días de menstruación y etinilestradiol oral diariamente de 5 a 25 días. de ciclos menstruales y fueron seguidos regularmente y periódicamente en la clínica de endocrinología. Después de recopilar los datos, se analizaron utilizando el software 21 de spss.No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos en la mejora del hirsutismo (p = 0,27). No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos en la mejora del acné (p = 0.54). Además, los resultados de este estudio no mostraron diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos en cuanto a la mejoría del acné y el hirsutismo en el seguimiento de 6 meses.Sobre la base de los resultados de este estudio, dos grupos no difirieron significativamente. Sin embargo, dada la reducción en la puntuación de Ferriman-Gallwey, el letrozol puede ser un fármaco adecuado para tratar los síntomas de hiperandrogenismo. Se requieren estudios extensos a este respecto para probar este supuesto.A síndrome do ovário policístico (SOP) é uma das formas mais comuns de anovulação crônica associada a um aumento de andrógenos. Este distúrbio está associado a importantes morbidades durante os anos reprodutivos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi comparar os efeitos do tratamento com letrozol e rotina (Etinilestradiol oral, acetato de ciproterona e metformina) da síndrome dos ovários policísticos na melhora dos sintomas de hiperandrogenismo (hirsutismo, acne).Este é um estudo experimental-aplicado no qual 80 pacientes diagnosticados com SOP (síndrome do ovário policístico) foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos. O primeiro grupo foi tratado com 2,5 mg de Letrozole diariamente e o segundo grupo foi tratado com 500 mg de metformina uma vez por dia, 100 mg de acetato de ciproterona uma vez por dia desde 5-15 dias da menstruação e Etinilestradiol oral diariamente desde 5 -25 dias de ciclos menstruais e eles foram acompanhados regularmente e periodicamente na clínica de endocrinologia. Depois de coletar os dados, eles foram analisados usando o spss 21Software.Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada entre os dois grupos na melhora do hirsutismo (p = 0,27). Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada entre os dois grupos na melhora da acne (p = 0,54). Além disso, os resultados deste estudo não mostraram diferença significativa entre os dois grupos em termos de melhora da acne e do hirsutismo no seguimento de 6 meses.Com base nos resultados deste estudo, dois grupos não diferiram significativamente. No entanto, dada a redução no escore de Ferriman-Gallwey, o letrozol pode ser um medicamento adequado para tratar os sintomas do hiperandrogenismo. Estudos extensos são necessários a esse respeito para provar essa suposição

Health websites visual structure: the necessity of developing a comprehensive design guideline

Using health-related websites and their information increasingly develops and some concerns on its quality arise as well. Different factors affect the quality of health websites which visual structure is one of the most important factors. The aim of the current study is to explain the role of health websites` visual structure in users’ views on their quality and reliability as well as its role in obtaining health information by users. Furthermore, the need for a comprehensive guideline for designing such websites is discussed. The review showed that health website’s appearance has an important role in users view on its credibility. Furthermore, it was revealed that there is no comprehensive national or international guideline to health websites design. Considering the importance of visual structure of health websites, there is an emergent need to develop a national guideline to obviate the problems of non-consistent, poor or personalized design of health websites. 

Discrimination between Gamma and Log-Normal Distributions by Ratio of Minimized Kullback-Leibler Divergence

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Kinetics study of hydrochlorothiazide lactose liquid state interaction using conventional isothermal arrhenius method under basic and neutral conditions

The Maillard reaction of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) and lactose has been previously demonstrated in pharmaceutical formulations. In this study, the activation energy of - hydrohlorothiazide and lactose interaction in the liquid state was ascertained under basic and neutral conditions. Conventional isothermal High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) technique was employed to ascertain the kinetic parameters using Arrhenius method. Results: The activation energy obtained was 82.43 and 100.28 kJ/mol under basic and neutral conditions, respectively. Consequently, it can be inferred that Maillard reaction is significantly affected by pH, which can be used as a control factor whenever the reaction potentially occurs