Actitud de los arroceros de Parral acerca de la posible implementacion de una bolsa de productos agropecuarios en Chile

123 p.En el sector agrícola, los productores normalmente se encuentran enfrentados a la alta variabilidad existente en los precios que se paga por sus productos. Dado esto el gobierno desea implementar el próximo año una Bolsa de Productos Agrícolas, que tiene como fin impedir que ocurra este tipo de distorsiones Por esto, la presente memoria buscara "Determinar la actitud que van a tener los arroceros de la ciudad de Parral frente a la implementación en el próximo año de una Bolsa de Productos Agropecuarios en el país". La metodología que se utilizo es propia de una investigación de mercados, dando énfasis en los distintos tipos de información existentes (Primaria y Secundaria), y en un tipo de estudio conocido como descriptivo y de corte transversal. La conclusión final que arrojo esta investigación, fue una positiva actitud por parte de los arroceros hacia la Bolsa Agropecuaria, tomando en consideración los distintos componentes que existen para poder medir dicha actitud

Effect of Terminal Groups of Dendrimers in the Complexation with Antisense Oligonucleotides and Cell Uptake

Indexación: Web of Science.Poly(amidoamine) dendrimers are the most recognized class of dendrimer. Amino-terminated (PAMAM-NH2) and hydroxyl-terminated (PAMAM-OH) dendrimers of generation 4 are widely used, since they are commercially available. Both have different properties, mainly based on their different overall charges at physiological pH. Currently, an important function of dendrimers as carriers of short single-stranded DNA has been applied. These molecules, known as antisense oligonucleotides (asODNs), are able to inhibit the expression of a target mRNA. Whereas PAMAM-NH2 dendrimers have shown to be able to transfect plasmid DNA, PAMAM-OH dendrimers have not shown the same successful results. However, little is known about their interaction with shorter and more flexible molecules such as asODNs. Due to several initiatives, the use of these neutral dendrimers as a scaffold to introduce other functional groups has been proposed. Because of its low cytotoxicity, it is relevant to understand the molecular phenomena involving these types of dendrimers. In this work, we studied the behavior of an antisense oligonucleotide in presence of both types of dendrimers using molecular dynamics simulations, in order to elucidate if they are able to form stable complexes. In this manner, we demonstrated at atomic level that PAMAM-NH2, unlike PAMAM-OH, could form a well-compacted complex with asODN, albeit PAMAM-OH can also establish stable interactions with the oligonucleotide. The biological activity of asODN in complex with PAMAM-NH2 dendrimer was also shown. Finally, we revealed that in contact with PAMAM-OH, asODN remains outside the cells as TIRF microscopy results showed, due to its poor interaction with this dendrimer and cell membranes.http://nanoscalereslett.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s11671-016-1260-

Política global y fútbol : el deporte como preocupación de las ciencias sociales

Este libro colectivo enfoca el futbol pero también otros deportes- en la perspectiva de las Ciencias Sociales, en particular las Relaciones Internacionales. Partiendo de la premisa de que ese deporte dejó de tener una naturaleza estato-céntrica para adquirir ciudadanía global, los diferentes capítulos de la obra analizan tópicos tales como la geopolítica y geo-economía del futbol, instrumentalización de este (como mecanismo de poder de los Estados), el problema de los nacionalismos ligados al deporte, el enorme negocio comercial en torno al futbol, la FIFA y los escándalos de corrupción, la importante temática del género y deporte, el asunto de los rituales culturales en las prácticas futbolísticas, la diplomacia deportiva, la psicología del futbolista, entre otros. El libro pretende brindar aristas del futbol tomado como objeto social, poniendo al descubierto aspectos relevantes que el espectador de un partido no está acostumbrado a ver. Es un esfuerzo colectivo e interdisciplinario de visibilizar lo que generalmente no vemos, de llamar la atención al lector y al aficionado acerca del telón de fondo que envuelve el deporte más popular del mundo

Erratum to: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition) (Autophagy, 12, 1, 1-222, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356

non present

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field