Levels of metals in tomato products

Para determinar el tenor de metales como constituyentes normales y contaminantes en productos comerciales de tomate: extractos doble y triple, puré, triturado, pelado y salsa portuguesa, se seleccionaron 47 muestras provenientes de 13 establecimientos industriales de Cuyo (Argentina). Las muestras se secaron en estufa con circulación de aire y se mineralizaron para la preparación de extractos clorhídricos, sobre los cuales se cuantificaron plomo, cadmio, cromo, hierro, cobre y zinc, utilizando un espectro-fotómetro de absorción atómica Perkin-Elmer. Con los datos obtenidos se calcularon las características muestrales: media, desviación típica y varianza, para cada elemento, y se determinaron los intervalos de confianza para la media para establecer los valores normales para = 0.05. Los resultados, expresados sobre sustancia seca, indican: • la totalidad de las muestras presentan plomo entre 3,28 y 56,29 mg/kg; • el 61,7 % tiene cromo entre 1,66 y 5,53 mg/kg; • en el 78,7 % de las muestras se detectó de 0,13 a 8,82 mg/kg de cadmio; • los metales constituyentes normales presentan elevado coeficiente de variación, destacándose el hierro de 47,97 a 2 576 mg/kg; • para el cobre, los valores fueron 8,38 y 115,44 mg/kg; • y para el zinc, 16,66 y 88,63 mg/kg.In order to determine normal and contaminating levels of metallic elements in different commercial tomato products, 47 samples coming from different industries in Cuyo (Argentina) were selected. The products included were double and triple extracts, smashed tomatoes, ground tomatoes, peeled tomatoes and portuguese sauce. Laboratory samples were carefully conditioned, dried by means of air circulating heaters and mineralized via dry process to obtain hydrochloric extracts with a 1:50 final dilution. Lead, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron and zinc contents were measured in the extracts using a Perkin-Elmer atomic absorption spectro-photometer. Statistical analysis of the analytical results included the most important sample characteristics such as mean value, standard deviation and variance for every tested element. Results show that lead was present in all the tested samples, in levels ranging from 3,28 mg/kg to 56,29 mg/kg. Chromium was present in 61,7 % of the samples, with levels between 1,66 and 5,53 mg/kg. Cadmium was found in 78,7 % of the samples, in levels ranging between 0,13 and 0,82 mg/kg. Results for the tomato normal metallic constituents show a high variation coefficient, standing out the iron content, with minimum values of 47,97 mg/kg and maximum values of 2 576 mg/kg. Extreme values for copper were 8,38 and 115,44 mg/ kg while for zinc extreme values were 16,66 and 88,63 mg/kg.Fil: Martí, Luis. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Ingeniería AgrícolaFil: Salcedo, Carlos. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Ingeniería AgrícolaFil: Troilo, Silvia. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Ingeniería AgrícolaFil: Rey, Enrique. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Ingeniería Agrícol

Emprendimiento Social: Una visión holísitica a través de la sostenibilidad y las nuevas formas de financiación

La investigació duta a terme en aquesta Tesi té com a objectiu general aprofundir en el concepte de l'Economia Social a través de l'estudi de l'emprenedoria social. Amb l'estudi de les empreses socials es pretén impulsar l'emprenedoria en aquest tipus d'empreses i donar a conéixer els seus beneficis en la societat. A més, s'aspira al fet de que les conclusions extretes d'aquesta tesi puguen ajudar els investigadors i gerents a millorar els resultats de les empreses socials i oferir als diversos partícips de les empreses socials mecanismes adequats per a demostrar el compliment dels objectius socials i la seua contribució a la cohesió social i a la reducció dels desequilibris existents. Aquest estudi comprén tres articles científics. En el primer, es pretén conceptualitzar el terme d'emprenedoria social i estudiar quines revistes i autors són els més rellevants sobre aquest concepte, la qual cosa ens permet tindre un punt de partida. El segon tracta d'avaluar els antecedents i variables que actuen com a impulsors o que reforcen la sostenibilitat social de les empreses socials i s'examina la relació entre les empreses socials i l'impacte social que generen, estudiant a les empreses d'inserció social. Això permet determinar, a més, si haurien de tindre algun règim tributari específic per a facilitar la creació de valor social. El tercer i últim article analitza formes de finançament alternatives per a empreses socials, atés que l'accés al finançament és un dels seus principals problemes, estudiant les plataformes de micromecenatge que donen cobertura a projectes de l'àmbit de l'emprenedoria social. Entre les conclusions que s'han obtingut cal destacar les següents. En realitzar l'anàlisi bibliomètric del concepte d'emprenedoria social s'ha comprovat que l'interés per la investigació en emprenedoria social ha anat augmentat any rere any i s'han anat incloent revistes d'alt impacte centrades en les empreses socials. Aquesta dada és un assoliment ja que tindre revistes enfocades a aquest tipus d'empreses és un al·licient perquè els científics investiguen sobre elles i amb els resultats d'aquesta investigació es puguen anar millorant els resultats econòmics, socials i mediambientals d'aquestes, que repercuteixen en la societat i en el nivell de sostenibilitat d'aquesta. Així mateix, s'extrau que, per a obtindre una sostenibilitat social, els emprenedors han d'estar formats i és positiu que posseïsquen una experiència prèvia i que estiguen en constant innovació. Finalment, el tercer estudi evidencia que una dels principals desavantatges del micromecenatge respecte a altres formes de finançament, és la desconfiança. Per això, els intermediaris s'esforcen a mostrar de manera transparent el procés de finançament. S'ha constatat que els intermediaris es converteixen en agents de canvi social en promoure i incentivar mitjançant diferents mecanismes projectes que contemplen a més de la generació de valor econòmic, la creació d'un valor social i/o mediambiental.The research carried out in this Thesis has the general objective of deepening the concept of Social Economy through the study of social entrepreneurship. The study of social enterprises is intended to promote entrepreneurship in these types of companies and publicize their benefits in society. In addition, the conclusions drawn from this thesis can help researchers and managers to improve the results of social enterprises and offer the various participants of social enterprises adequate mechanisms to demonstrate compliance with social objectives and their contribution to social cohesion and the reduction of existing imbalances. This study comprises three scientific articles. In the first, the term social entrepreneurship is conceptualized and we study which journals and authors are the most relevant on this concept, which allows us to have a starting point. The second article tries to evaluate the antecedents and variables that act as drivers or that reinforce the social sustainability of social enterprises and examines the relationship between social enterprises and the social impact they generate, studying specifically social insertion enterprises. This also makes it possible to determine whether they should have a specific tax regime to facilitate the creation of social value. The third and last article analyzes alternative forms of financing for social enterprises, given that access to financing is one of their main problems, studying the crowdfunding platforms that cover projects in the field of social entrepreneurship. Among the conclusions that have been obtained, it is worth highlighting the following. When carrying out the bibliometric analysis of the concept of social entrepreneurship, it has been found that interest in research on social entrepreneurship has increased year after year and high-impact magazines focused on social enterprises have been included. This data is an achievement since having magazines focused on this type of companies is an incentive for scientists to investigate them and with the results of said research they can improve their economic, social and environmental results, which have an impact on society and its level of sustainability. Likewise, it is extracted that, to obtain social sustainability, entrepreneurs have to be trained and it is positive that they have prior experience and that they are in constant innovation. Finally, the third study shows that one of the main disadvantages of crowdfunding compared to other forms of financing is mistrust. For this reason, intermediaries strive to show the financing process in a transparent way. It has been found that intermediaries are agents of social change by promoting and encouraging, through different mechanisms, projects that consider, in addition to the generation of economic value, the creation of social and environmental value

Crowdfunding and Social Entrepreneurship: Spotlight on Intermediaries

This study contributes to the literature by describing how crowdfunding platforms that host social entrepreneurship projects build and preserve legitimacy. We study three intermediaries, analyzing the actions they take to ensure that creators and funders perceive crowdfunding as a trustworthy form of alternative finance. This study shows that the legitimacy that funders ascribe to a project's social and/or environmental aims is also a source of legitimacy for the intermediaries that promote social entrepreneurship projects. These intermediaries act as agents of social change, using a range of mechanisms to promote projects that seek to create social and/or environmental value in addition to economic value. Our study also has practical implications. We highlight the mechanisms used to reduce potential risks for intermediaries, creators, and funders and ensure their trust in crowdfunding

Linking female entrepreneurs' motivation to business survival.

Analysis of entrepreneurs' motives in the framework of organizational behavior theory is a popular research area regarding female entrepreneurship. This study analyzes women entrepreneurs' motives (propensity for risk, finding a work-life balance, desire to develop business skills, need to seek self-employment, and desire to earn more than in paid employment) to achieve survival of their businesses through crisp set qualitative comparative analysis (csQCA). Analysis yields the following results: 1) women whose motive is to pursuit a better work-life balance are less likely to success; and 2) women whose motive is risk-taking are more likely to success

A comprehensive conceptual and bibliometric study of person-centered methodologies

Person-centered approaches, such as latent profile analysis (LPA) and qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), have gained in popularity in organizational scholarship because of their ability to provide insight into how interrelations between a group of conditions can lead to a particular outcome. Despite the growing acceptance of person-centered approaches in social science research, traditional variable-centered approaches continue to prevail, although their dominance is increasingly questioned. This paper offers in-depth analysis of the current state of QCA and LPA from both a conceptual and a bibliometric perspective. This study thus aims to contextualize the role of person-centered methodologies in organizational scholarship. This aim is important, given the significance of exploring novel approaches to advance knowledge in organizational research. This paper provides scholars with quantifiable and readily comparable information on the use of these emerging but promising methods in organizational studies. Ultimately, this scientific contribution sheds light on the current and prospective applications of person-centered methods in research. Moreover, it offers scholars who are considering applying these methods objective analysis of the scientific production in this area thus far

La tesis de desvinculación

En el proceso penal español se le otorga al órgano jurisdiccional la posibilidad de pronunciarse sobre la calificación jurídica de un hecho delictivo que está enjuiciando cuando entienda que el hecho justiciable ha sido calificado por las partes con manifiesto error planteando así la tesis recogida en el art 733 LECrim. El órgano jurisdiccional participa en el proceso de forma activa – aunque condicionado a ciertos requisitos – haciéndose oír en el proceso y no siendo un mero oyente que posteriormente decidirá sobre lo que le han probado las partes. En todo caso, se mantendrán los límites establecidos por el principio acusatorio, el derecho de defensa y el principio non bis in ídem. <br /

Félix Martí Ibáñez (1911, Cartagena, Spain – 1972, New York, United States)

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Félix Martí Ibáñez (Cartagena, 1911 – Nova Iorque, 1972)

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Ceramic Enamels as New Back Contacts for Cu (In, Ga) Se2-Based Photovoltaic Tile

In this work, we investigated the properties of silver and gold enamels as potential back contacts for Cu (In, Ga) Se2 (CIGS) solar cells. The enamels were deposited on ceramic tiles by nonvacuum printing techniques. Thus, we are proposing a development of integrated photovoltaic tile for the first time. We also explained the CIGS synthesis procedure using coprecipitation of selenite precursors. To deposit the precursor powders on the substrate, a doctor blade method is applied. The interface morphology between ceramic tile, back contact, and CIGS absorber was studied as a critical factor for the final solar cell performance. The thermal treatment effect on the back contact properties was also reported. Excellent compatibility between CIGS and gold layer was observed, keeping thickness and chemical composition adequate for photovoltaic applications. The band gap energy confirms assembly effectiveness. Unsatisfied results of silver diffusion toward CIGS absorber were obtained when silver enamels were used