Avaliação da evolução do índice de vegetação de teledetecção usando de técnicas de processamento de imagens

Vegetation has a substantial role as an indicator of anthropic effects, specifically in cases where urban planning is required. This is especially the case in the management of coastal cities, where vegetation exerts several effects that heighten the quality of life (alleviation of unpleasant weather conditions, mitigation of erosion, aesthetics, among others). For this reason, there is an increased interest in the development of automated tools for studying the temporal and spatial evolution of the vegetation cover in wide urban areas, with an adequate spatial and temporal resolution. We present an automated image processing workflow for computing the variation of vegetation cover using any publicly available satellite imagery (ASTER, SPOT, LANDSAT, MODIS, among others) and a set of image processing algorithms specifically developed. The automatic processing methodology was developed to evaluate the spatial and temporal evolution of vegetation cover, including the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the vegetation cover percentage and the vegetation variation. A prior urban area digitalization is required. The methodology was applied in Monte Hermoso city, Argentina. The vegetation cover per city block was computed and three transects over the city were outlined to evaluate the changes in NDVI values. This allows the computation of several information products, like NDVI profiles, vegetation variation assessment, and classification of city areas regarding vegetation. The information is available in GIS-readable formats, making it useful as support for urban planning decisions.A vegetação tem um papel importante como indicador de efeitos antrópicos, especificamente nos casos em que o planejamento urbano é necessário. Este é especialmente o caso na gestão de cidades costeiras, onde a vegetação exerce diversos efeitos que elevam a qualidade de vida (alívio de condições climáticas desagradáveis, mitigação da erosão, estética, entre outras). Por essa razão, há um interesse crescente no desenvolvimento de ferramentas automatizadas para o estudo da evolução temporal e espacial da cobertura vegetal em grandes áreas urbanas, com adequada resolução espacial e temporal. Apresentamos um fluxo de trabalho automatizado de processamento de imagens para calcular a variação da cobertura vegetal usando qualquer imagem de satélite publicamente disponível (ASTER, SPOT, LANDSAT, MODIS, entre outros) e um conjunto de algoritmos de processamento de imagem desenvolvidos especificamente. A metodologia de processamento automático foi desenvolvida para avaliar a evolução espacial e temporal da cobertura vegetal, incluindo o Índice de Vegetação da Diferença Normalizada (NDVI), o percentual de cobertura vegetal e a variação da vegetação. Uma digitalização prévia da área urbana foi necessária. A metodologia foi aplicada na cidade de Monte Hermoso, na Argentina. A cobertura vegetal por quarteirão foi computada e três transectos sobre a cidade foram delineados para avaliar as mudanças nos valores de NDVI. Isso permite o cálculo de vários produtos de informação, como perfis de NDVI, avaliação da variação da vegetação e classificação das áreas da cidade em relação à vegetação. A informação está disponível em formatos legíveis pelo GIS, tornando-a útil como suporte para decisões de planejamento urbano.Fil: Revollo Sarmiento, Natalia Veronica. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y de Computadoras; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica "Alfredo Desages". Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y de Computadoras. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica "Alfredo Desages"; ArgentinaFil: Revollo Sarmiento, Gisela Noelia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica "Alfredo Desages". Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y de Computadoras. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica "Alfredo Desages"; ArgentinaFil: Huamantinco Cisneros, María Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geografía y Turismo; ArgentinaFil: Delrieux, Claudio Augusto. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y de Computadoras; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; ArgentinaFil: Piccolo, Maria Cintia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geografía y Turismo; Argentin

Technical and economic evaluation of the use of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) in colombian routes

El uso de pavimentos asfálticos reciclados para la construcción y rehabilitación de carreteras es un tema que ha venido creciendo desde hace años, debido a la reutilización y potencialización de los materiales existentes que contribuye al medio ambiente por la disminución de explotación de canteras en búsqueda de nuevos agregados, sin embargo no existe una guía clara de esta técnica y por tanto es poco utilizada. Este trabajo busca establecer una perspectiva acerca del uso de pavimentos asfálticos reciclados a partir de estudios realizados, donde encontraron resultados óptimos en cuanto a propiedades mecánicas y dinámicas de las mezclas asfálticas recicladas. Los resultados mostraron que el reciclado en los casos donde ha sido utilizado ha traído un buen comportamiento y una reducción de costos considerable.The use of reclaimed asphalt pavement for construction and rehabilitation of roads is a theme that has been growing up for years, due to reuse and potentiation of existing materials that contributes to the environment by decreasing quarrying in search of new aggregates, however there is no clear guide to this technique and is therefore rarely used. This research focused to establish a perspective about the use of reclaimed asphalt pavement from studies carried out, where they found good results with respect to mechanical and dynamic properties of recycled asphalt mixtures. The results showed that recycled, where it has been used, has brought a good performance and significant cost reductio

Financial literacy and retirement preparation in La Paz, Bolivia

Dissertation presented as the partial requirement for obtaining a Master's degree in Statistics and Information Management, specialization in Risk Analysis and ManagementIn the last two decades, it has been seen the need to study the Retirement Preparation of the populations in different countries of the world, this due to a population with a greater Life Expectancy and invested population pyramids in which pension funds have been large financial difficulties to cover retiree pensions. This generates not only problems for those who had the contributions in the pension funds, but also for the families that have to bear the financial burden of the elderly members of the family, in case the pension is not enough for a good quality of life, or simply when the person does not have any income when reaching elderly stage. This research aims to study the relationship and the impact in Financial Literacy as a way in which individuals plan their retirements in the city of La Paz, located in Bolivia. The case of Bolivia is even more complex as the demographic characteristics are not like those of the developed countries. Only 30% of the population has social security coverage when they reach adulthood, and most of the remaining 70% are dependent on their relatives or the family business and, in the worst cases, live in poverty. It is worth to mention that even though the system covers 30% of the population, the replacement ratio is low. That is why it is of utmost importance to carry out studies in the area to be able to direct and design public policies which can address these problems and benefit all citizens. For this research, a probit regression model was used to primarily explore the influence of Financial Literacy on the way individuals plan their retirement, but also to explore the impact of a number of socio-demographic variables on retirement planning. Among the main findings, a positive relationship was obtained between financial literacy and Retirement Planning, that men have better Retirement Planning than women, that selfemployed have better financial planning through long-term than those who are dependent workers and that minorities are a vulnerable sector of the population in terms of retirement planning. Being an exploratory study, this study can be used as a basis to continue studying the Retirement Preparation of the population of the city of La Paz, as well as at the national level, this because its findings can be very helpful for the political / economic decisions of the Bolivian rulers, having a population that does not participate in the formal market and that urgently needs a change in order to guarantee the well-being of its population when they reach adulthood

Análisis de las economías de escala y alcance en los servicios de acueducto y alcantarillado en Colombia

Una de las principales características del sector de acueducto y alcantarillado en Colombia es el alto nivel de atomización en la prestación de tales servicios. Este nivel es el resultado de los procesos de descentralización de fines de la década de los ochenta y los cambios implementados en los noventa, que modificaron el esquema de prestación al pasar de un sistema centralizado a uno municipal numeroso y bastante heterogéneo. Esto ha impedido que se generen condiciones suficientes para el óptimo aprovechamiento de las economías de escala y alcance, en desmedro del bienestar de la sociedad. A través de la estimación de funciones de costo tipo Cobb-Douglas y translogarítmicas, se verifica la presencia de economías de escala y alcance para los servicios de acueducto y alcantarillado en Colombia. Dichas economías pueden servir para diseñar políticas que mejoren la eficiencia en el uso y la conservación del agua. De igual forma, se identifica que las empresas consideradas medianas y pequeñas presentan mayores economías de escala que las empresas grandes (en este caso, las economías de escala son bajas o casi nulas).economías de escala, economías de alcance, acueducto y alcantarillado, función de costo translogarítmica

Morphological characterization of ponds and tidal courses in coastal wetlands using Google Earth imagery

Ponds and tidal courses are significant landforms that frequently arise in marshes and tidal flats environments. An understanding of their development and permanence is relevant to determine future dynamic processes that alter tidal flats and salt marshes environments, such as changes in the sea level, increase in the wave activity, and some other variations associated to the climate change. Direct access for monitoring in these regions is complex, extremely expensive and not always feasible. Remote sensing imagery represents a monitoring alternative, but requires the research of specific image processing procedures to extract the information concerning to these environmental studies. In this work, we developed a methodology for assessing the relevant morphological parameters of ponds and tidal courses using Google Earth imagery. An automatic classifier identifies these landforms as such (accuracy over 86%), producing a shape descriptors dataset. Then, ponds and tidal courses in tidal flats are morphologically characterized, and their behavior is compared to the surrounding environment. Subsequent analysis found significant differences in morphological characteristics that arise independently of the marsh environmental conditions. The evidence suggests that the evolution processes of the depressions in salt flat environments are clearly different in comparison with salt marshes environments. In salt marshes, the permanence and evolution of the depressions is related to the age of marshes, whereas in tidal flats the dynamic processes and sediment input have influence on depressions evolution.Fil: Revollo Sarmiento, Gisela Noelia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y de Computadoras; ArgentinaFil: Revollo Sarmiento, Natalia Veronica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica "Alfredo Desages". Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y de Computadoras. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica "Alfredo Desages"; ArgentinaFil: Delrieux, Claudio Augusto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y de Computadoras; ArgentinaFil: Perillo, Gerardo Miguel E.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geología; Argentin

Análisis financiero y percepción de los servicios ambientales de un sistema silvopastoril: un estudio de caso en los Tuxtlas, México

The aim is to demonstrate that a silvopastoral system is more cost effective than a traditional system for milk producers in the Biosphere Reserve of Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. A silvopastoral system is more profitable four years after and the initial investment is recovered after two or three years. Moreover, in the short term producers can increase their income. A silvopastoral system increases the production of marketable goods such as milk and generates other environmental goods and service that are identified by producers.A través de un análisis financiero, se verifica que la implementación de un sistema silvopastoril es más rentable económicamente que un sistema tradicional para productores de leche en la Reserva de la Biósfera de los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México. Aproximadamente, deben pasar cuatro años para que un sistema silvopastoril sea más rentable y entre dos a tres años para recuperar la inversión económica inicial. Aunado a ello, en el corto plazo los productores indican un aumento de sus ingresos brutos derivados de la actividad. Un sistema silvopastoril, además de incrementar la producción de bienes mercadeables como la leche, genera otros bienes y servicios ambientales mismos que son identificados en este estudio por los productores

Análisis financiero y percepción de los servicios ambientales de un sistema silvopastoril: un estudio de caso en los Tuxtlas, México

A través de un análisis financiero, se verifica que la implementación de un sistema silvopastoril es más rentable económicamente que un sistema tradicional para productores de leche en la Reserva de la Biósfera de los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México. Aproximadamente, deben pasar cuatro años para que un sistema silvopastoril sea más rentable y entre dos a tres años para recuperar la inversión económica inicial. Aunado a ello, en el corto plazo los productores indican un aumento de sus ingresos brutos derivados de la actividad. Un sistema silvopastoril, además de incrementar la producción de bienes mercadeables como la leche, genera otros bienes y servicios ambientales mismos que son identificados en este estudio por los productores.The aim is to demonstrate that a silvopastoral system is more cost effective than a traditional system for milk producers in the Biosphere Reserve of Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. A silvopastoral system is more profitable four years after and the initial investment is recovered after two or three years. Moreover, in the short term producers can increase their income. A silvopastoral system increases the production of marketable goods such as milk and generates other environmental goods and service that are identified by producers

Evaluación de un reactor anaerobio de flujo ascendente y manto de lodos tratando aguas residuales hospitalarias

El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en evaluar el desempeño de un reactor anaerobio de manto de lodos y flujo ascendente (UASB), tratando aguas residuales hospitalarias (ARH). El reactor operó durante 145 días, variando el valor de la carga orgánica volumétrica (COV). Los resultados mostraron que para un valor de COV de 0.816 KgDQO/m3 ; d se alcanzo, una eficiencia de remoción de materia orgánica de 59±14%, sin embargo, el proceso siempre fue inestable y no se obtuvo una producción significativa de metano. Por lo anterior se concluye que no es un proceso adecuado para tratar este tipo de efluentesThe aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of an anaerobic reactor upflow sludge blanket (UASB) treating hospital wastewater (ARH). The reactor operated for 145 days, varying the value of the volumetric organic load (VOL). The results showed that for a value of 0.816 VOC KgDQO/m3 ; d was reached, a removal efficiency of organic matter from 59 ± 14%, however, the process always was unstable and there was no significant production of methane. Therefore, it was concluded that there is a proper process for dealing with this type of effluent..Pregrad

Deconstructing the category of women victims of displacement in Colombia

Objetivo: Deconstruir la categoría de mujeres víctimas del desplazamiento en Colombia. Metodología: Se realizó un análisis del contenido de los testimonios de las mujeres víctimas del desplazamiento que participaron de la investigación traduciendo los testimonios de las mujeres víctimas del desplazamiento en Colombia. Resultados: Los resultados localizaron en los testimonios elementos y hechos del cotidiano de las mujeres víctimas, referentes a los procesos de militancia política en las organizaciones de base y en el movimiento de víctimas a nivel nacional, analizándolos desde la perspectiva de género de los estudios feministas poscoloniales y decoloniales. Conclusión: La categoría de mujeres víctimas se articula desde la lógica de los procesos de militancia política, la cual está atravesada por la lógica de la sociedad patriarcal que las victimiza de varias maneras, y en contraposición generan estrategias de reexistencia, resignificando su condición de mujeres víctimas.Objective: To deconstruct the category of women victim of displacement in Colombia. Methodology: An analysis of the content of the testimonies of women victim of displacement who participated in the research Translating the testimonies of women victim of displacement in Colombia was carried out. Results: The results found in the testimonies elements and facts of the daily life of the women victim of displacement, that make reference to the processes of political militancy in grassroots organizations and in the movement of victims nationwide, analyzing them from the gender perspective of the postcolonial and decolonial feminist studies. Conclusion: The category of victim women is articulated from the logic of the processes of political militancy, which is crossed by the logics of the patriarchal society that victimizes them in various ways, and in contrast generate re-existence strategies, resignifying their status as victim women