15 research outputs found
Sâhybrider sous le 4e paradigme de la âscience dirigĂ©e par les donnĂ©es massivesâ : lâouverture des donnĂ©es favorise-t-elle lâinterdisciplinaritĂ© et la transdisciplinaritĂ©Â ?
Nous avons encore peu de recul sur la maniĂšre dont les communautĂ©s productrices de matĂ©riaux de recherche se saisissent des enjeux de lâouverture des donnĂ©es dans le contexte actuel du Big Data et de la Science Ouverte, dĂ©peint par Jim Gray comme lâĂšre du nouveau paradigme de la âScience dirigĂ©e par les donnĂ©es massivesâ (Hey, 2009). En particulier, lorsque ces communautĂ©s rassemblent diffĂ©rentes cultures Ă©pistĂ©miques, impliquant une pluralitĂ© de rapports Ă la donnĂ©e. En prenant appui sur lâexpĂ©rience dâun programme de recherche sur les relations en agriculture et littoral en Bretagne (Parchemins, 2016-2020), nous dĂ©crivons comment une Ă©quipe de 10 chercheurs et ingĂ©nieurs issus dâhorizons divers (agronomie, sciences et techniques de lâinformation, anthropologie et Ă©tudes sociales des sciences) a intĂ©grĂ© cet objectif en lien avec son ambition interdisciplinaire et transdisciplinaire, et a co-construit un systĂšme dâinformation modulaire et interopĂ©rable pour y rĂ©pondre. Dans quelles mesures lâobjectif de mise en partage des matĂ©riaux de recherche Ă un niveau Ă la fois interne et ouvert, favorise-t-il lâhybridation des approches scientifiques et lâouverture de la science vers la sociĂ©tĂ©Â ? La description fine de l'instrumentation technique et numĂ©rique du partage des matĂ©riaux de recherche nous permet de mettre en lumiĂšre et de discuter une partie de ces formes dâhybridation.We still have little knowledge on how communities producing research materials grasp the challenges of opening data in the current context of Big Data and Open Science, pictured by Jim Gray as the era of a new Scientific Paradigm : the âData-intensive Scienceâ (Hey, 2009). In particular, when these communities gather different epistemic cultures, involving a plurality of relationships to data. Based on the experience of a research program on agricultural and coastal relations in Brittany (Parchemins, 2016-2020), we describe how a team of 10 researchers and engineers from various backgrounds (agronomy, information and technology sciences, anthropology and science and technology studies) has integrated this objective in line with its interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary ambition, and has co-constructed a modular and interoperable information system in this regard. To what extent does the objective of sharing research materials at both an internal and open level promote the hybridization of scientific approaches and the opening of science to society? The fine description of the technical and digital instrumentation of sharing research materials allows us to highlight and discuss some of these forms of hybridization.TodavĂa tenemos poca perspectiva sobre la forma en que las comunidades que producen materiales de investigaciĂłn comprenden los desafĂos de los datos abiertos en el contexto actual de Big Data y Open Science, retratado por Jim Gray como la era de lo nuevo. paradigma de la âciencia intensiva en datosâ (Hey, 2009). En particular, cuando estas comunidades reĂșnen diferentes culturas epistĂ©micas, implica una pluralidad de relaciones con los datos. BasĂĄndonos en la experiencia de un programa de investigaciĂłn sobre relaciones agrĂcolas y costeras en Bretaña (Parchemins, 2016-2020), describimos cĂłmo un equipo de 10 investigadores e ingenieros de diversos orĂgenes (agronomĂa, ciencia y tecnologĂa de la informaciĂłn, antropologĂa y estudio social de la ciencia) ha integrado este objetivo en lĂnea con su ambiciĂłn interdisciplinar y transdisciplinar, y ha co-construido un sistema de informaciĂłn modular e interoperable para cumplirlo. ÂżEn quĂ© medida el objetivo de compartir materiales de investigaciĂłn tanto a nivel interno como abierto promueve la hibridaciĂłn de enfoques cientĂficos y la apertura de la ciencia a la sociedad? La descripciĂłn detallada de la instrumentaciĂłn tĂ©cnica y digital del intercambio de materiales de investigaciĂłn nos permite resaltar y discutir algunas de estas formas de hibridaciĂłn
Montagnes à vivre, à voir et à préserver : dynamiques du tourisme et sites européens du patrimoine mondial (Laponia et Pyrénées-Mont Perdu)
The establishment of a World Heritage Site based on mixed criteria combines objectives relating both to the preservation and the promotion of natural and cultural systems. They may profoundly transform both the relationships to these places and the places themselves. This thesis addresses these dynamics through the prism of tourism. It is based on a comparative study of tourism in two European UNESCO World Heritage Sites situated in mountainous regions: Laponia (in northern Sweden), part of the ancestral land of the Sami people who practice transhumant reindeer husbandry; and PyrĂ©nĂ©es-Mont Perdu (a transboundary area between France and Spain), shaped by ovine and bovine agro-pastoralism.This research is based on a comparative ethnographic approach that focuses on the practices, knowledge, know-how, representations and imaginaries of the diverse users of the sites (local tourism professionals, herders, national park agents, politicians and tourists). The analysis shows that the labelling of these regions by UNESCO took place in the context of a broader dynamic process concerning much more than just the moment of inscription on the World Heritage List, which mobilised local actors around the many diverse stakes raised by and related to the label. Tourism has a specific place in this dynamic as it intersects with all features of local development and is subject to a diversity of projected views of and visions for the region. This thesis demonstrates that, if the development of tourism is a fundamental expectation of the labelling process for some local actors, the sitesâ labelling has in fact only an indirect effect on how local people adapt to and develop tourism within their territories. The analysis of this process underscores the determining character of the herdersâ formation into a political body: the observed changes on the Sami territory are the result of the Samiâs commitment to involvement in the siteâs governance, itself linked to the wider context of their long struggle to get their rights and culture recognised. This dynamic is not found in the Pyrenean case study.Lâinscription dâun site sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial sur la base de critĂšres mixtes combine des objectifs de conservation et de valorisation de systĂšmes naturels et culturels, susceptibles de transformer le rapport au lieu ou le lieu labellisĂ© lui-mĂȘme. La thĂšse aborde ces dynamiques Ă travers le prisme du tourisme, grĂące Ă lâĂ©tude comparative de deux sites europĂ©ens du Patrimoine mondial de lâUnesco en rĂ©gions de montagnes : Laponia (au nord de la SuĂšde), territoire ancestral des Samis qui vivent de lâĂ©levage transhumant des rennes, et PyrĂ©nĂ©es-Mont Perdu (site transfrontalier entre la France et lâEspagne), façonnĂ© par lâagro-pastoralisme ovin et bovin. GrĂące Ă une approche ethnographique et comparative, jâai analysĂ© les pratiques, les savoirs et savoir-faire, les reprĂ©sentations et les imaginaires des usagers des sites (acteurs locaux du tourisme, Ă©leveurs, agents des parcs nationaux, acteurs politiques et touristes). Les rĂ©sultats montrent que le classement de ces rĂ©gions par lâUnesco sâinsĂšre dans le cadre dâun processus dynamique qui dĂ©passe largement le seul moment de lâinscription, et met les acteurs locaux en mouvement autour des enjeux portĂ©s par ce label. Le tourisme y occupe une place particuliĂšre en ce quâil interagit avec toutes les facettes du dĂ©veloppement local, repose sur un processus historique qui lâa façonnĂ© au cours du temps et fait lâobjet de diverses projections. La thĂšse dĂ©montre nĂ©anmoins que, si le dĂ©veloppement touristique constitue une attente fondamentale de certains acteurs locaux lors du processus de labellisation, la labellisation des sites nâaffecte qu'indirectement la maniĂšre dont ils sâapproprient et dĂ©veloppent le tourisme sur leurs territoires. Lâanalyse de ce processus rĂ©vĂšle par ailleurs le caractĂšre dĂ©terminant de la constitution des Ă©leveurs en force politique : les inflexions observĂ©es sur le territoire lapon sont le rĂ©sultat d'un investissement de la gouvernance du site par les Samis dans le contexte d'une lutte pour la reconnaissance de leurs droits et de leur culture, perspective qu'on ne retrouve pas sur le territoire pyrĂ©nĂ©en
Des vies avec des plages : expériences, relations, devenirs
International audienceAu cours de la pandeÌmie de Covid-19 du printemps 2020, des plages sont devenues de timides prairies, des laisses de mer se sont eÌpanouies, des zones de nidification eÌtendues. Les restrictions dâacceÌs au littoral ont susciteÌ, dans le meÌme temps, des protestations qui formulaient un commun sentiment de privation. Câest dans le sillage de cette expeÌrience eÌtonnante que le livre invite aÌ une lecture renouveleÌe des plages et des pratiques qui sây inscrivent. Il sâattache aÌ rendre perceptibles et signifiantes ces formes de vie teÌnues et preÌcaires qui contribuent aÌ reconfigurer nos sensibiliteÌs, nos manieÌres dâagir, nos deÌsirs de rivage aÌ lâheure ouÌ les menaces pesant sur lui se font plus tangibles. Pour ce faire, il mobilise les savoirs theÌoriques, vernaculaires, artistiques, populaires et militants, afin de produire une lecture des plages que les humaniteÌs environnementales ont contribueÌ aÌ reÌveÌler
Des vies avec des plages : expériences, relations, devenirs
International audienceAu cours de la pandeÌmie de Covid-19 du printemps 2020, des plages sont devenues de timides prairies, des laisses de mer se sont eÌpanouies, des zones de nidification eÌtendues. Les restrictions dâacceÌs au littoral ont susciteÌ, dans le meÌme temps, des protestations qui formulaient un commun sentiment de privation. Câest dans le sillage de cette expeÌrience eÌtonnante que le livre invite aÌ une lecture renouveleÌe des plages et des pratiques qui sây inscrivent. Il sâattache aÌ rendre perceptibles et signifiantes ces formes de vie teÌnues et preÌcaires qui contribuent aÌ reconfigurer nos sensibiliteÌs, nos manieÌres dâagir, nos deÌsirs de rivage aÌ lâheure ouÌ les menaces pesant sur lui se font plus tangibles. Pour ce faire, il mobilise les savoirs theÌoriques, vernaculaires, artistiques, populaires et militants, afin de produire une lecture des plages que les humaniteÌs environnementales ont contribueÌ aÌ reÌveÌler
Practices and representations of data sharing and data protection within research communities practicing or accompanying ethnography
International audienceThe STS literature has shown the diversity of openness practices; but little is known about how the HSS research communities are empirically dealing with the contemporary open data movement (ODM) in the "age of open science". In the context of the increasing digitization of practices and results, this movement, now transposed in European political agenda, has an impact on the very core of research activities and its support. Faced with new requirements of funding agencies, a growing number of studies from French academic institutions focus on data management at the laboratory and university levels, most often to support internal policies aiming at implementing data management tools. But how are qualitative research practitioners affected by the ODM? How do they perceive the injunctions and norms in favor of open data, and integrate openness in their research practices?What shifts does it bring about? The communication aims to present the empirical results of the PARDOQ project, which is the first qualitativesurvey conducted in France on the practices and representations of data sharing and data protection within research communities practicing or accompanying the collection of ethnographic materials. The method used relies on 19 semi-directed interviews with members of research support networks and with practitioners achieved in fall 2020, completed with a critical discourse analysis and participant observation. Results emphasize a considerable gap between ethnographers' practices and institutional expectations, both in terms of openness and compliance with the laws in force (security, GDPR). For those interviewed, the institutionalization of ODM is part of a broader context of scarcity and concentration of resources, and loses legitimacy because of the absence of sustainability of the latter. Sharing practices are logically built outside the ODM framework. Our research thus suggests that ethnography is a limit case that allows us to understand the limits of the ODM
Practices and representations of data sharing and data protection within research communities practicing or accompanying ethnography
International audienceThe STS literature has shown the diversity of openness practices; but little is known about how the HSS research communities are empirically dealing with the contemporary open data movement (ODM) in the "age of open science". In the context of the increasing digitization of practices and results, this movement, now transposed in European political agenda, has an impact on the very core of research activities and its support. Faced with new requirements of funding agencies, a growing number of studies from French academic institutions focus on data management at the laboratory and university levels, most often to support internal policies aiming at implementing data management tools. But how are qualitative research practitioners affected by the ODM? How do they perceive the injunctions and norms in favor of open data, and integrate openness in their research practices?What shifts does it bring about? The communication aims to present the empirical results of the PARDOQ project, which is the first qualitativesurvey conducted in France on the practices and representations of data sharing and data protection within research communities practicing or accompanying the collection of ethnographic materials. The method used relies on 19 semi-directed interviews with members of research support networks and with practitioners achieved in fall 2020, completed with a critical discourse analysis and participant observation. Results emphasize a considerable gap between ethnographers' practices and institutional expectations, both in terms of openness and compliance with the laws in force (security, GDPR). For those interviewed, the institutionalization of ODM is part of a broader context of scarcity and concentration of resources, and loses legitimacy because of the absence of sustainability of the latter. Sharing practices are logically built outside the ODM framework. Our research thus suggests that ethnography is a limit case that allows us to understand the limits of the ODM
La crĂ©dibilitĂ© des matĂ©riaux ethnographiques face au mouvement dâouverture des donnĂ©es de la recherche
International audienceThe policies of opening research data are based on arguments of transparency, innovation and democratization of knowledge. This article aims to make their implications intelligible for communities working with ethnographic data, confronted with a transformation of the criteria for recognizing the credibility of the knowledge they produce. While researchers who practice ethnography are engaged in situated forms of sharing materials with peers, other disciplines and âsource communitiesâ, the strengthening of external control over the conditions under which this sharing takes place destabilizes the economies of credibility that structure these practices. More than a reluctance to the process of openness, the withdrawal of ethnographers from the movement appears at the end of our analysis to be the result of both the existence of alternative ecologies of empirical materials and an ethic of the margins embedded in often implicit professional norms.Las polĂticas de apertura de los datos de investigaciĂłn se basan en argumentos de transparencia, innovaciĂłn y democratizaciĂłn del conocimiento. Este artĂculo pretende hacer inteligibles sus implicaciones para las comunidades que trabajan con datos etnogrĂĄficos, que se enfrentan a una transformaciĂłn de los criterios de reconocimiento de la credibilidad del conocimiento que producen. Mientras que los investigadores que practican la etnografĂa participan en formas situadas de compartir materiales con pares, otras disciplinas y «comunidades fuente», el refuerzo del control externo sobre las condiciones en las que tiene lugar este intercambio desestabiliza las economĂas de credibilidad que estructuran estas prĂĄcticas. MĂĄs que una reticencia al proceso de apertura, la retirada de los etnĂłgrafos del movimiento parece ser, al final de nuestro anĂĄlisis, el resultado tanto de la existencia de ecologĂas alternativas de materiales empĂricos como de una Ă©tica de los mĂĄrgenes incrustada en normas profesionales a menudo implĂcitas.Les politiques dâouverture des donnĂ©es de la recherche sâappuient sur des arguments de transparence, dâinnovation et de dĂ©mocratisation des savoirs. Cet article vise Ă rendre intelligibles leurs implications pour les communautĂ©s travaillant Ă partir de donnĂ©es ethnographiques, confrontĂ©es Ă une transformation des critĂšres de reconnaissance de la crĂ©dibilitĂ© des savoirs quâelles produisent. Alors que les chercheur·e·s qui pratiquent lâethnographie sont engagé·e·s dans des formes situĂ©es de partage des matĂ©riaux avec les pair·e·s, les autres disciplines et les « communautĂ©s sources », le renforcement du contrĂŽle externe sur les conditions dans lesquelles ce partage sâeffectue dĂ©stabilise les Ă©conomies de la crĂ©dibilitĂ© qui structurent ces pratiques. Davantage quâune rĂ©ticence au processus dâouverture, le retrait des ethnographes du mouvement apparaĂźt au terme de notre analyse comme rĂ©sultant Ă la fois de lâexistence dâĂ©cologies alternatives des matĂ©riaux empiriques et dâune Ă©thique des marges incorporĂ©e dans des normes professionnelles souvent implicites
L'ouverture des matĂ©riaux de recherche ethnographiques en question.: Rapport d'enquĂȘte du projet "Partage et protection des donnĂ©es qualitatives Ă lâĂšre du numĂ©rique : expĂ©riences, enjeux, stratĂ©gies"
The Open Research Data movement constitutes an epistemological, legal, ethical and technical challenge for humanities and social sciences. It manifests itself in multiple norms and injunctions vis-Ă -vis research communities, which struggle to comply with them and to seize the instruments made available to them. PARDOQ project aims to make the complex implications of this movement intelligible for communities working with qualitative (ethnographic) data, through the analysis of the experience of researchers confronted with the tension between sharing and protecting ethnographic records, based on a case study (the interdisciplinary research program Parchemins) and on a survey on researchers practicing ethnography and members of scientific, technical and legal networks supporting research.Le mouvement dâouverture des donnĂ©es scientifiques constitue, pour les sciences humaines et sociales (SHS), un dĂ©fi Ă la fois Ă©pistĂ©mologique, juridique, Ă©thique et technique. Il se manifeste par des normes et injonctions multiples vis-Ă -vis des communautĂ©s de recherche, qui peinent Ă sây conformer et Ă se saisir des instruments mis Ă leur disposition. Le projet PARDOQ vise Ă rendre intelligibles les implications complexes de ce mouvement pour les communautĂ©s travaillant Ă partir de donnĂ©es qualitatives (ethnographiques), Ă travers lâanalyse de lâexpĂ©rience de chercheuses et chercheurs confrontĂ©.e.s Ă la tension entre partage et protection des donnĂ©es ethnographiques, en prenant appui dâune part sur une Ă©tude de cas (le programme de recherche interdisciplinaire Parchemins) et dâautre part sur une enquĂȘte auprĂšs de chercheurs.euses pratiquant lâethnographie et de membres de rĂ©seaux scientifiques, techniques et juridiques dâappui et Ă la recherche