Connexin43 hemichannels in satellite glial cells, can they influence sensory neuron activity?

Indexación: Scopus.In this review article, we summarize the current insight on the role of Connexin- and Pannexin-based channels as modulators of sensory neurons. The somas of sensory neurons are located in sensory ganglia (i.e., trigeminal and nodose ganglia). It is well known that within sensory ganglia, sensory neurons do not form neither electrical nor chemical synapses. One of the reasons for this is that each soma is surrounded by glial cells, known as satellite glial cells (SGCs). Recent evidence shows that connexin43 (Cx43) hemichannels and probably pannexons located at SGCs have an important role in paracrine communication between glial cells and sensory neurons. This communication may be exerted via the release of bioactive molecules from SGCs and their subsequent action on receptors located at the soma of sensory neurons. The glio-neuronal communication seems to be relevant for the establishment of chronic pain, hyperalgesia and pathologies associated with tissue inflammation. Based on the current literature, it is possible to propose that Cx43 hemichannels expressed in SGCs could be a novel pharmacological target for treating chronic pain, which need to be directly evaluated in future studies.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2017.00374/ful

Extracellular cysteine in connexins: Role as redox sensors

Indexación: Scopus.Connexin-based channels comprise hemichannels and gap junction channels. The opening of hemichannels allow for the flux of ions and molecules from the extracellular space into the cell and vice versa. Similarly, the opening of gap junction channels permits the diffusional exchange of ions and molecules between the cytoplasm and contacting cells. The controlled opening of hemichannels has been associated with several physiological cellular processes; thereby unregulated hemichannel activity may induce loss of cellular homeostasis and cell death. Hemichannel activity can be regulated through several mechanisms, such as phosphorylation, divalent cations and changes in membrane potential. Additionally, it was recently postulated that redox molecules could modify hemichannels properties in vitro. However, the molecular mechanism by which redox molecules interact with hemichannels is poorly understood. In this work, we discuss the current knowledge on connexin redox regulation and we propose the hypothesis that extracellular cysteines could be important for sensing changes in redox potential. Future studies on this topic will offer new insight into hemichannel function, thereby expanding the understanding of the contribution of hemichannels to disease progression.http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2016.00001/ful

Range extensions along western Atlantic for Epialtidae crabs (Brachyura, Majoidea) genera Acanthonyx Latreille, 1828 and Epialtus H. Milne Edwards, 1834

The present study provided information extending the known geographical distribution of three species of majoid crabs, the epialtids Acanthonyx dissimulatus Coelho, 1993, Epialtus bituberculatus H. Milne Edwards, 1834, and E. brasiliensis Dana, 1852. Specimens of both genera from different carcinological collections were studied by comparing morphological characters. We provide new data that extends the geographical distributions of E. bituberculatus to the coast of the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina (Brazil), and offer new records from Belize and Costa Rica. Epialtus brasiliensis is recorded for the first time in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), and A. dissimulatus is reported from Quintana Roo, Mexico. The distribution of A. dissimulatus, previously known as endemic to Brazil, has a gap between the states of Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro. However, this restricted southern distribution is herein amplified by the Mexican specimens

JWST MIRI/Medium Resolution Spectrograph (MRS) observations and spectral models of the underluminous yype Ia supernova 2022xkq

We present a JWST mid-infrared (MIR) spectrum of the underluminous Type Ia Supernova (SN Ia) 2022xkq, obtained with the medium-resolution spectrometer on the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) ∼130 days post-explosion. We identify the first MIR lines beyond 14 μm in SN Ia observations. We find features unique to underluminous SNe Ia, including the following: isolated emission of stable Ni, strong blends of [Ti ii], and large ratios of singly ionized to doubly ionized species in both [Ar] and [Co]. Comparisons to normal-luminosity SNe Ia spectra at similar phases show a tentative trend between the width of the [Co iii] 11.888 μm feature and the SN light-curve shape. Using non-LTE-multi-dimensional radiation hydro simulations and the observed electron capture elements, we constrain the mass of the exploding WD. The best-fitting model shows that SN 2022xkq is consistent with an off-center delayed-detonation explosion of a near-Chandrasekhar mass WD (MWD ≈1.37 M⊙) of high central density (ρc ≥ 2.0 × 109 g cm−3) seen equator-on, which produced M(56Ni) =0.324 M⊙ and M(58Ni) ≥0.06 M⊙. The observed line widths are consistent with the overall abundance distribution; and the narrow stable Ni lines indicate little to no mixing in the central regions, favoring central ignition of subsonic carbon burning followed by an off-center deflagration-to-detonation transition beginning at a single point. Additional observations may further constrain the physics revealing the presence of additional species including Cr and Mn. Our work demonstrates the power of using the full coverage of MIRI in combination with detailed modeling to elucidate the physics of SNe Ia at a level not previousl

Study Of Physical Growth Of Students To Moderate Altitude Using Arm Muscle Area By Height And Age

Objective. To compare the physical growth of schoolchildren to moderate altitude with reference standards proposed by Frisancho and Tracer for arm muscle area by height and Frisancho for arm muscle area by age. Method. A cross-sectional study of urban schoolchildren in the province of Arequipa (Perú). The sample was stratified by age and sex, with 473 men and 482 women ranging in age from 6 to 12 years for belonging to the education system at primary level socioeconomic status Peruvian media. Anthropometric variables were assessed weight, height, arm circumference and triceps skinfold and arm muscle area for height and age. Data were compared by Z scores according to the fraction: 100 log (percentile of the reference / percentile calculated). The differences between the sample and reference were analyzed by the paired t test with a significance of p < 0.001. Results. The values of the reference arm muscle areas in relation to height and age are higher in comparison with students of moderate altitude. Was observed 2 years behind men and women according to the comparison with age-muscle area. Similarly, using the muscle area by height 17cm lag was observed in men and 20cm in women. Conclusions. Overall, the results suggest the physical growth retardation and muscle linear, attributing this phenomenon to environmental factors such as altitude. © 2013 Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte.626672Rosenbloom, A., Fisiologia del crecimiento (2007) Ann Nestle [Esp], 65, pp. 99-110Cameron, N., Growth patterns in adverse environments (2007) Am J Hum Biol, 19, pp. 615-621Cossio-Bolanos, M.A., Arruda, M., Nunez Alvarez, V., Lancho Alonso, J.L., Efectos de la altitud sobre el crecimiento fisico en ninos y adolescentes (2011) Rev Andal Med Deporte., 4 (2), pp. 71-76Malina, R., Bouchard, C., Beunen, G., Human growth: Selected aspects of current research on well-nourished children (1988) Annual Review of Anthropology., 17, pp. 187-219Frisancho, A.R., Tracer, D., Standards of arm muscle by stature for assessment of nutritional status of children (1987) Am J Phys Anthropol., 73, pp. 469-475Frisancho, A.R., Baker, P.T., Altitude and growth -A study of the pattern of physical growth of a high altitude Peruvian Quechua population (1970) Am J Phys. Anthrop, 32, pp. 279-292Stinson, S., The physical growth of high altitude Bolivian Aymara children (1980) Am J Phys Anthropol., 52 (3), pp. 377-385Pawson, I., Huicho, L., Muro, M., Pacheco, A., Growth of children in two economically diverse Peruvian high-altitude communities (2001) American Journal of Human Biology., 13 (3), pp. 323-340Frisancho, A.R., Triceps skinfold and upper arm muscle size norms for assessment of nutritional status (1974) American Journal of Clinical Nutrition., 27 (10), pp. 1052-1058Daley, B., Maliakal, R., Dressen, E., Driscoll, D., Bristrian, B., Rapid clinical assessment of kidney function based on arm muscle circumference and serum creatinine (1994) Nutrition., 10, pp. 128-131Erfan, M., El Ruby, M., Monir, Z., Anwar, Z., Upper arm muscle area by height: An indicator for growth and nutritional status of Egyptian children and adolescents (2003) Egypt Med J., 2, pp. 139-153Frisancho, A.R., (1990) Anthropometric Standardization for the Assessment of Growth and Nutritional Status, , The University of Michigan Press Ann Arbor, MichiganRamirez, A., Exposicion toxicologica en las grandes alturas:.es necesario corregir los valores limite umbral de exposicion de toxicos? (2011) An Fac Med., 72 (1), pp. 61-67Frisancho, A.R., New norms of upper limb fat and muscle areas for assessment of nutritional status (1981) Am J Clin Nutr., 34, pp. 2540-2545Bartsch, P., Saltin, B., Dvorak, J., Consensus statement on playing football at different altitude (2008) Scand J Med Sports., 18 (SUPPL. I), pp. 96-99Cossio-Bolanos, M.A., Crescimento fisico e desempenho motor em criancas de 6-12 anos de condicao socioeconomica media da area urbana de Arequipa (Peru) (2004) Dissertacao de Mestrado. Unicamp/FEF. CampinasBustamante, A., Seabra, A., Garganta, R., Maia, J., Efectos de la actividad fisica y el nivel socioeconomico en el sobrepeso y obesidad de escolares Lima Este, 2005 (2007) Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica., 24 (2), pp. 121-128Gonzales, G., Crespo-Retes, I., Guerra-Garcia, R., Secular change in growth of native children and adolescent at high altitude I. Puno, Peru (3800 meters) (1982) American Journal of Physical Anthropology., 58, pp. 191-195Gonzales, G.F., Villena, A., Body mass index and age at menarche in Peruvian Children living at high altitude and at sea level (1996) Human Biology., 68 (2), pp. 265-271Ross, W.D., Marfell-Jones, M.J., Kinanthropometry (1991) Physiological Testing of Elite Athlete, pp. 223-308. , MacDougall JD Wenger HA Geen HJ editors. London: Human KineticsBolzan Guimarey, L., Frisancho, A.R., Study of growth in rural school children from Buenos Aires Argentina using upper arm muscle area by height and other anthropometric dimensions of body composition (1999) Ann Hum Biol., 26 (2), pp. 185-193Malina, R.M., Bouchard, C., (1991) Growth Maturation and Physical Activity Champaign, , Human KineticsChowdhury, S.D., Ghosh, T., The upper arm muscle and fat area of Santal children: An evaluation of nutritional status (2009) Acta Padiatrica., 98, pp. 103-110Forbes, G.B., (1987) Human Body Composition: Growth, Aging, Nutrition and Activity, , New York: Springer VerlagHass, J.D., Baker, P.T., Hunt, E.E., The effects of high altitude on body size and composition of the newborn infant in southern Peru (1982) Am J Phys Athropol., 59, pp. 251-262Dang, S., Yan, H., Yamamoto, S., High altitude and early childhood growth retardation: New evidence fron Tibet (2008) Eur J Clin Nutr., 62, pp. 342-348Obbert, P., Fellmanni, G., Falgairettei, M., Bedu, E., Van Praagh, H., Kempers, B., The important of socioeconomic and nutritional conditions rather than altitude on the physical growth of pre-pubertal Andean highland boys (1994) Annals of Human Biology., 21, pp. 145-154Stinson, S., The effect of high altitude on the growth of children of high socioeconomic status in Bolivia (1982) American Journal of Physical Anthropology., 59, pp. 61-71Hackett, P.H., Oelz, O., The Lake Louise Consensus on the definition and quantification of altitude illness (1992) Hypoxia and Mountain Medicine. 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Praderas y Pasturas

Editado por: Demanet, R.; Mora, M.L.; Azcón González de Aguilar, Concepción (CSIC); Barea, José Miguel (CSIC)Proyectos FONDECYT números 1181050, 1141247 y 1100625 cuyos resultados forman parte de la información que contiene esta publicación