PENGARUH PENYARUNGAN DENGAN BERBAGAI KETEBALAN PLASTIK DAN DIAMETER BUAH TERHADAP SERANGAN PENGGEREK BUAH KAKAO Conopomorha cramerella (Snellen) (LEPIDOPTERA : GRACILLARIDAE)

This research is aimed to find out the preference of cocoa pod borer to diameter, biophysical, and biochemistry cocoa pod; the percentage of infested pods, percentage of seed damaged, and percentage of yield lost. In addition, this research is also aimed to assess the effect of plastic thickness on cacao pod rot disease, the effect of sheathing on the black ant and mealybug populations on pods. This research was conducted at Selemadeg District, Tabanan Regency from October 2009 until January 2010. The field trial was arranged into randomized complete block design (RCBD) by 15 treatments were sheathing with various thickness of plastics (S0-S4) and cocoa pod diameters (B1-B3). The results indicated that, based on the percentage of the infested pod, cocoa pod borer has preferred the fruit with diameter > 4.5-7.5 cm. This condition may be contrasted, the smallest pod size (3,5-4,5 cm) was the healthiest pod, even though it contains more nutritionally compound. The smaller pod rot disease in red and green types. Sheathing by plastic of > 0.02 mm thick in medium size of pods was the most effective to prevent cocoa pod borer infestation. Sheathing with plastic was not affecting the population of both black ants and mealy bugs. Based on these results, it can be suggested that sheathing with plastic of > 0.02 mm thick on medium size of the pod is promising control measure to prevent yield lost caused by cocoa pod borer and cocoa pot rot disease

Increasing Household Revenues Through Hydroponic Agricultural as Sustainable Agricultural Efforts

The aims of the study were to analyze the increase in household income of hydroponics doers, to analyze how much increase in income obtained by hydroponic doers through the transfer of hydroponic farming technology in Bali Province and whether hydroponic agriculture can be made into sustainable agriculture.The study was conducted in Bali Province. Study time March-June 2017. Data collection method in this research was through survey and interview. The variables observed in this study were household income from hydroponic farming. The survey and interview data were analyzed by quantitative method by calculating all initial investment, income per harvest, the amount of other costs during one harvest. The quantitative data, then qualitatively explained to give explanation and the meaning of the numbers obtained from the quantitative calculation. The results of the analysis indicate that farming hydroponic systems can increase or be able to provide additional income to households. Therefore, through hydroponic farming, sustainable agriculture efforts will be realized. The increased income can be calculated by comparison of initial investment of Rp.5,000,000.00, compared to income derived from the sale of the vegetables. The income consists of: 1) kale vegetable, per one harvest (3 months) of 10 kg Rp.50,000.00= Rp.500,000.00. In one year, 3 times harvest= Rp.1,500,000.00. 2) Lettuce income three times harvest in one year 10 kg x Rp.75,000.00= Rp.750,000.00.(3 times harvest/year). Then, the total income/year of the hydroponic plant is Rp.2,250,000.00. Costs incurred for 1 year for both vegetable plants is Rp.400,000.00. Income difference and expense of Rp.1,850,000.00 - depreciation Rp.715,000.00 (7 years benefit period)= net income Rp.1,135,000.00. If the investment period is 7 years, the net value for 7 years x Rp.1,135,000.00= Rp.7,945,000.00 – Rp.5,000,000.00 (initial investment)= Rp.2,945,000.00. The conclusion that can be drawn that household income from hydroponic cultivation is profitable, with an income value greater than the costs incurred (revenue>cost). Keywords: increased income, hydroponi

The Efficiency of Water in Supporting Local Wisdom and Food Sustainability in Subak Sange, Bali Indonesia

Subak is local wisdom in Bali that has been practiced for centuries in managing irrigation water. Here we present the uniqueness of Subak to manage water with an example of Subak Sange, Gianyar, Bali. The field activity was carried out from April-September 2019. The research objectives were to analyze: (i) the characteristics of local wisdom in Subak Sange, (ii) the effect of irrigation water frequency on pest and disease outbreaks on tobacco yield, and (iii) the efficiency of water use in chili-tobacco intercropping. We combined several approaches to achieve the objectives, including an interview with farmer, diversity analysis, Romijn method, and revenue cost ratio. The results showed that the harmony of relations between farmers was bound by a belief in three elements socio-agrarian-religious. The excessive irrigation gave more pest and disease outbreaks, as shown in 6-irrigation frequencies. In addition, the occurrence of rotten root outbreaks was the highest (29%). The optimal frequency irrigation for yield of tobacco was 4-times, which produced 11.5 tons of dry chopped tobacco per hectare, and this frequency irrigation was much more efficient water use by 79% than rice plants. Based on revenue cost ratio analysis, the chili-tobacco intercropping with four times irrigation was feasible. The findings indicate that management of irrigation water in Subak Sange is promising to support food sustainability in the region

TINGKAT PARASITASI PARASITOID TELUR PBPK PADA PERTANAMAN PADI DENGAN BEBERAPA KETINGGIAN TEMPAT BERBEDA

Rice is the staple food of Indonesia's population. Various problems occur in an effort to increase production and productivity. One problem is the attack of yellow rice stem borer (PBPK) which may result in yield losses up to 90%. Utilization of parasitoid is an alternative to suppress the attack of Yellow Rice Stem Borer. The study was conducted in Tabanan, covering three locations with the altitudes of 50, 300, and 550 meters above sea leve, and at the Plant Pests and Diseases laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Udayana. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of parasitization of the best Yellow Rice Stem Borer as a natural control agent at different altitudes. The method used was survey by taking a sample group of Yellow Rice Stem Borer eggs with a purposive random sampling in the area of 2.5 hectares (one block in each location was an area of 0.5 hectares) at each location. Observations on parasitoid found in Yellow Rice Stem Borer eggs were done on parasitoid species diversity, equality, abundance, parasitation level, sex ratio, and the pattern of parasitoid invasion. The results showed three species of parasitoid eggs PBPK as biological control agents. Parasitation level of T. rowani and T. japonicum was the highest at the altitude of 50 meters above sea level, while T. schoenobii at the altitude of 300 and 500 meters above sea level

APLIKASI BIOCHAR, KOMPOS, DAN PHONSKA TERHADAP KELAYAKAN HASIL JAGUNG DI LAHAN KERING

Biochar is an organic material which is difficultly weathered (recalcitrant), as an alternative to accelerate the improvement of soil quality in the drylands, especially physical soil properties, which affect the increase of living microorganisms in the soil and chemical property changes in the supply of nutrients that plants need. This study aimed to get formulations biochar with compost and Phonska which gives the highest yield of corn. This study used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a factorial pattern. The treatments tested were doses of biochar (D) and fertilizers (P). The first factor is the dose of fertilizer with biochar dose level 4 (D), namely: D0 = 0 t ha-1 (without biochar), D1 = 5 t ha-1, D2 = 10 t ha-1, D3 = 15 t ha-1. The second factor is the type of fertilizer (P) with four types, namely: P0 = without fertilizer, P1 = compost (20 t ha-1), P2 = Phonska (300 kg ha-1), and P3 = compost (20 t ha-1) + Phonska (300 kg ha-1). Dose formulations biochar 10 t ha-1 with compost 20 t ha-1 and Phonska 300 kg ha-1 provides the highest yield of 12.99 t ha-1 seed dry seed moisture content of 15%, which increased by 124 % when compared the lowest yield on treatment without biochar and fertilizer (D0P0) was only 5.80 t ha-1. Formulation biochar 10 t ha-1 with compost and Phonska (D2P3) gives a value IBCR (Incremental Benefit Cost Ratio) of 1.28 is classified as a viable to cultivated

Biopotential of rhizobacteria to improve growth and phytochemical content in Javanese ginseng (Talinum paniculatum) herbal plant

IntroductionDeveloping organic herbal crops provides chemical-free herbs to support environmentally friendly and sustainable farming. One way in agricultural biotechnology to grow herbal organic crops is to use rhizobacteria. The herbal plant used in this study is the Javanese ginseng plant (Talinum paniculatum), which contains phytochemicals that increase stamina.MethodsThe study used four rhizobacteria to enhance the growth and phytochemistry of T. paniculatum leaves; the target phytochemical compounds analyzed in Javanese ginseng leaves were total flavonoids, total phenols, and antioxidants (IC50%). The four selected rhizobacteria can produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), fix nitrogen, and dissolve phosphate. Thus, high-quality T. paniculatum leaves were obtained as herbal tea ingredients. The pattern used is a random group pattern in the greenhouse.ResultsThe results of the study showed that the use of rhizobacteria at 2% concentrations had a real effect on plant growth parameters such as plant height, leaf area, root length, wet weight and dry weight of the plant, and phytochemical content like total flavonoids, total phenols, IC50%, total chlorophyll, content of T. paniculatum leave plant when compared to the control. The four rhizobacteria used can produce the IAA, fix nitrogen, and dissolve phosphorus.DiscussionThe four rhizobacteria can also colonize the root of the T. paniculatum plant. The four Rhizobzcteria used significantly affected the growth and phytochemical content of T. paniculatum leaves as an ingredient in herbal tea at a concentration of 2% compared to controls. The four rhizobacteria can produce IAA hormones, fix nitrogen, and dissolve phosphorus. All four rhizobacteria can colonize the roots of T. paniculatum plants. These four rhizobacteria can be used as alternative methods in developing organic farming systems and can also be used practically in the field by farmers. It is necessary to research the application of rhizobacteria to other crops to support sustainable agriculture

Piper caninum extract and Brevibacillus agri mixture suppresses rice leaf spot pathogen; Nigrospora oryzae and improves the production of red rice (Oryza sativa L)

Under the guise of enhancing productivity, using pesticides and artificial fertilizers in agriculture affects both the environment and living things. High chemical residues in food and the environment disrupt the health of consumers. One of the solutions that can bring about a reduction in the use of pesticides and chemicals is switching to organic fertilizers. The application of biopesticides originating from biological sources such as plant extracts and the use of microbes is gaining global acceptance. Therefore, this study aimed to obtain the best biopesticides and biostimulants that could suppress the leaf spot pathogen, Nigrospora oryzae, and increase the growth and yield of Bali red rice. The study contained four treatments, namely untreated control (F0), Piper caninum leaf extract (F1), Brevibacillus agri (F2), and fermented P. caninum leaf extract plus B. agri (F3). The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, and each treatment was replicated three times. The parameters measured were the number of tillers per plant, number of leafs per plant, chlorophyll content, number of grains per panicle, grain weight, and grain yield. Furthermore, antimicrobial and antioxidants were assayed using SEM. GC-MS. At the end of the experiment, the disease index of the leaf spot wasmeasured. The results showed that F3 significantly suppressed leaf spots caused by N. oryzae compared to other treatments, including untreated control in red rice. Additionally, the F3 significantly increased the number of productive tillers, number of grains per panicle, and grain yield compared to all other treatments. The F3 enhanced the crop yield at 6.19 tons/ha, an increase of 50% compared to the untreated control. The SEM.GC- MS results showed the presence of 2.3 butanediol, tetra-decanoic acid, butanoic acid, ethyl ester, benzene propanal, 3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-a-methyl, a-N-Normethadol in treated plants with P. canicum plus B. agri

The Activity of Nimba Leaves (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss.) Extract Insecticide as Vegetative Pesticide on Rice Weevil (Sitophilus Oryzae L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The purpose of the research regarding The Activity of Nimba Leaves (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss.) Extract as Vegetative Pesticide on Rice Weevil (Sitophilus Oryzae L.) is to identify the characteristics of contact poison, pesticide, and antifeedan from Nimba leaves extract on rice weevil (S. oryzae L.). The research is conducted in the biology laboratory Faculty of MIPA University of Udayana. The period of the research is from April to August 2017, using the complete random framework with 6 concentration tests (10 ppm, 100 ppm, 1000 ppm, 10000 ppm, 100000 ppm concentration, and control using methanol pro analysis (PA) solvent). Each test is repeated 4 times. The data is analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and if there is a significant difference (P<0.05) it is followed by Duncan test to identify the difference between the different tests. The data is quantified using SPSS for windows release 12.5 the year 2003. The result indicates that the extract of Nimba leaves A. indica A. Juss. is behaving more as an antifeedan at an optimum concentration of 1000 pm during the observation 48 hours after the test. The crude extract of Nimba leaves at an optimum concentration of 1000 ppm and a maximum of 10000 ppm, during the observation 36 hours after the application, is leaning towards behaving as a contact poison to the S. oryzae L

Innovations in healthy citrus garden management to reduce major pests and diseases and increase incomes of citrus farmers

Healthy citrus garden management is an effort to optimize citrus yields. The research aims to suppress major pests and diseases and increase yields and incomes of citrus farmers. The research was conducted in Kintamani, Bali in January 2017-December 2020. The study was conducted in pairs in the form of 1 block of garden technology innovation treatment of healthy citrus gardens and 1 block of farmers' existing gardens. Plant samples per block were determined by purposive sampling. The results showed that the treatment had a significant effect on the abundance of fruit fly populations, diplodia infection, crop yields and farm income. There was a decrease in fruit fly population abundance and diplodia infection by 9.20 and 33.60%, the average citrus fruit yield was 23.71 t/ha. / year, there is an increase in citrus farming income by 97.19%/ha/year due to the innovation of healthy citrus gardens. Based on the calculation results, the R/C ratio and MBCR values were 1.96 and 2.55 for innovations with components of healthy citrus garden management. It is concluded that the technological innovation of healthy citrus gardens is feasible to be developed with the same type of agroecosystem