Assessment of Different Dimensions of Shame Proneness: Validation of the SHAME

A large body of research revealed that shame is associated with adaptive and maladaptive correlates. The aim of this work was to validate a new dimensional instrument (SHAME), which was developed to disentangle adaptive and maladaptive dimensions of shame proneness. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the three-factorial structure (bodily, cognitive, and existential shame) in American (n = 502) and German (n = 496) community samples, using invariance testing. Bifactormodel analyses exhibited distinct associations of adaptive (bodily and cognitive shame) and maladaptive (existential shame) dimensions of shame with psychopathology and social functioning. Network analyses highlighted the role of existential shame in psychopathology, especially for a clinical sample of patients with Borderline Personality Disorder (n = 92). By placing shame pronenesss into a network of similar and dissimilar constructs, the current findings serve as a foundation for drawing conclusions about the adaptive and maladaptive nature of shame

Many Labs 5:Testing pre-data collection peer review as an intervention to increase replicability

Replication studies in psychological science sometimes fail to reproduce prior findings. If these studies use methods that are unfaithful to the original study or ineffective in eliciting the phenomenon of interest, then a failure to replicate may be a failure of the protocol rather than a challenge to the original finding. Formal pre-data-collection peer review by experts may address shortcomings and increase replicability rates. We selected 10 replication studies from the Reproducibility Project: Psychology (RP:P; Open Science Collaboration, 2015) for which the original authors had expressed concerns about the replication designs before data collection; only one of these studies had yielded a statistically significant effect (p < .05). Commenters suggested that lack of adherence to expert review and low-powered tests were the reasons that most of these RP:P studies failed to replicate the original effects. We revised the replication protocols and received formal peer review prior to conducting new replication studies. We administered the RP:P and revised protocols in multiple laboratories (median number of laboratories per original study = 6.5, range = 3?9; median total sample = 1,279.5, range = 276?3,512) for high-powered tests of each original finding with both protocols. Overall, following the preregistered analysis plan, we found that the revised protocols produced effect sizes similar to those of the RP:P protocols (?r = .002 or .014, depending on analytic approach). The median effect size for the revised protocols (r = .05) was similar to that of the RP:P protocols (r = .04) and the original RP:P replications (r = .11), and smaller than that of the original studies (r = .37). Analysis of the cumulative evidence across the original studies and the corresponding three replication attempts provided very precise estimates of the 10 tested effects and indicated that their effect sizes (median r = .07, range = .00?.15) were 78% smaller, on average, than the original effect sizes (median r = .37, range = .19?.50)

The Devaluation of High-Achieving Students as "Streber": Consequences, Processes, and Relations to Personality and the Classroom Context

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde einem Phänomen nachgegangen, das bislang nur wenig wissenschaftliche Beachtung erfahren hat: der Stigmatisierung von leistungsstarken SchülerInnen als Streber. Da sich bislang kaum Forschung mit der Streber-Etikettierung beschäftigt hat, wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit versucht, anhand quantitativer Studien ein umfassendes Bild von der Etikettierung, ihrer Prozesse und ihrer Konsequenzen zu erfassen. In diesem Rahmen wurde folgenden Fragen nachgegangen: 1) Welche individuellen Faktoren sagen die Etikettierung als Streber und die Stigmatisierung anderer SchülerInnen als Streber vorher? 2) Welche Prozesse liegen der Stigmatisierung als Streber zugrunde? 3) Mit welchen Konsequenzen geht die Stigmatisierung einher? 4) Welche Faktoren tragen zur sozialen Akzeptanz von SchülerInnen mit herausragenden schulischen Leistungen bei? Die vorliegenden Befunde deuten darauf hin, dass es sich dabei um ein relevantes Phänomen handelt, welches mit individuellen Faktoren nebst schulischen Leistungen verbunden ist, durch den Klassenkontext determiniert wird und zudem mit aversiven Konsequenzen für die Betroffenen einhergeht. Neben dieser eher negativen Konnotation zeigen die Befunde aber auch auf, dass es Möglichkeiten zum Umgang und zur Lösung gibt. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte ein wichtiger Schritt zur Schließung einer Forschungslücke getan werden. Nichtsdestoweniger zeigen die Befunde auch, dass für eine allumfassende Erklärung des Phänomens Streber weitere Forschung dringend benötigt wird

On the popularity of agentic and communal narcissists: The tit-for-tat hypothesis

Among well-acquainted people, those high on agentic narcissism are less popular than those low on agentic narcissism. That popularity-difference figures prominently in the narcissism literature. But why are agentic narcissists less popular? We propose a novel answer―the tit-for-tat hypothesis. It states that agentic narcissists like other people less than non-narcissists do and that others reciprocate by liking agentic narcissists less in return. We also examine whether the tit-for-tat hypothesis generalizes to communal narcissism. A large round-robin study (N = 474) assessed agentic and communal narcissism (Wave 1) and included two round-robin waves (Waves 2-3). The round-robin waves assessed participants’ liking for all round-robin group members (2,488 informant-reports). The tit-for-tat hypothesis applied to agentic narcissists. It also applied to communal narcissists, albeit in a different way. Compared with non-narcissists, communal narcissists liked other people more and―in return―those others liked communal narcissists more. Our results elaborate on and qualify the thriving literature on narcissists’ popularity