Награждение крымских партизан

Целью настоящего исследования является восстановление динамики всех процессов связанных с награждением крымских партизан правительственными наградами и выявление факторов, оказавших субъективное влияние на этот процесс

In favour of layered feet. A Response to Golston.

In this response we argue that the factorial typology predicted in Martínez-Paricio & Kager (2015), which representationally relies on the existence of internally layered ternary feet, is complete and accurate. We demonstrate it does not suffer from the problematic cases of overgeneration pointed out by Golston (this issue). Additionally, we corroborate the idea that the internally layered ternary foot is a metrical representation that is typologically warranted for stress phenomena as well as for segmental and tonal metrically conditioned distributions. We suggest that Golston's claim that 'no stress system requires internally layered ternary feet' appears to be too strong and is not empirically substantiated

Розробка та дослідження бази даних для систем обробки статистичної інформації

Дана стаття присвячена проблемам розробки та оптимізації специфічних баз даних. Проведено аналіз існуючих загальних підходів та методів оптимізації баз даних, обґрунтовано необхідність якісно іншого підходу в рамках специфічної проблематики оптимізації баз даних статистичної інформації. Запропоновано та проілюстровано реалізацію методу рішення поставленої задачі.Данная статья посвящена проблемам разработки и оптимизации специфических баз данных. Проведён анализ существующих общих методов и подходов к оптимизации баз данных, обоснована необходимость качественно иного подхода в рамках специфики проблематики оптимизации баз данных статистической информации. Предложена и проиллюстрирована реализация метода решения поставленной задачи.This article is devoted to problems of development and optimization of specific databases. The analysis of the existing general methods and approaches of database optimization has been given and the need for a qualitatively different approach within the specifics of optimizing statistical information databases has been justified. The implementation of the method of the problem solution has been proposed and illustrated

An acoustic comparison between two pairs of assimilatory and dissimilatory tone sandhi processes in Nanjing Mandarin in categoricalness/ gradience

The current study aims to investigate the categoricalness versus gradience of tone sandhi application in assimilatory and dissimilatory tone sandhi processes, within the setting of one language. Our hypotheses were that (a) assimilatory processes can be gradient, based on their articulatory motivation; and (b) dissimilatory processes should always be categorical, hence never show any gradient application, based on Ohala's “hypercorrection” theory. We selected in Nanjing Mandarin two pairs of comparable assimilatory and dissimilatory tone sandhi processes based on previous researchers' observations. Results show a near-categorical assimilatory Sandhi 1 and a gradient assimilatory Sandhi 3, congruent with the prediction that assimilatory processes are allowed to apply in a gradient fashion. Though we found that dissimilatory Sandhi 4 is a categorical process, our observation of gradience in dissimilatory Sandhi 2 suggests that dissimilatory changes can also occur in a gradient way, which contradicts the prediction by the “hyper-correction” account

Marginal contrast in loanword phonology:Production and perception

Though Dutch is usually described as lacking a voicing contrast at the velar place of articulation, due to intense language contact and heavy lexical borrowing, a contrast between /k/ and /g/ has recently been emerging. We explored the status of this contrast in Dutch speakers in both production and perception. We asked participants to produce loanwords containing a /g/ in the source language (e.g., goal) and found a range of productions, including a great many unadapted [g] tokens. We also tested the same speakers on their perception of the emerging [k] ~ [g] contrast and found that our participants were able to discriminate the emerging contrast well. We additionally explored the possibility that those speakers who use the new contrast more in production are also better at perceiving it, but we did not observe strong evidence of such a link. Overall, our results indicate that the adoption of the new sound is well advanced in the population we tested, but is still modulated by individual-level factors. We hold that contrasts emerging through borrowing, like other phonological contrasts, are subject to perceptual and functional constraints, and that these and other ‘marginal contrasts’ must be considered as full-fledged parts of phonology

Avoiding stress on non-lexical material in nouns and verbs: Predictable verb prosody in Serbo-Croatian stress standard varieties

We consider two asymmetries reported in the literature on word prosodic systems: the tendency to allow more prosodic contrast in nouns than in verbs and the tendency to avoid stress on functional material. We focus on the interaction between these two tendencies and propose a formal mechanism to handle this interaction couched in Optimality Theory. In a case study on a group of standard Serbo-Croatian varieties that have predictable stress in verbs but contrastive stress in nouns, we develop an analysis of predictable and morphologically conditioned stress assignment. Our analysis features a family of constraints militating against stress on non-lexical material on three different levels: stress on inflection proper (∗Infl-Stress-1), stress on non-lexical material in the locality domain of inflection (∗Infl-Stress-2), and stress on non-lexical material altogether (∗Infl-Stress-3). Analyzing a class of prosodically exceptional denominal and borrowed verbs, we show that lexical-category effects exist between and within categories: denominal verbs allow exceptional preservation of nominal stress, which leads to additional prosodic contrast in this class of verbs. Finally, we explore the option of subsuming exceptionally contrast-preserving borrowed verbs under denominal verbs, offering arguments in favor of the hotly debated view from the literature that verbs are universally borrowed as denominal

Layered feet and syllable-integrity violations: The case of Copperbelt Bemba bounded tone spread

We identify evidence supporting two amendments to standard metrical theory: the inclusion of layered feet, and the allowance of syllable-integrity violations, where a foot parses some, but not all, of a syllable’s constituents. The evidence comes from a High tone spreading process attested in Copperbelt Bemba (CB), which as reported by Bickmore and Kula (2013) et seq., occurs over a ternary domain. In quintessentially metrical fashion, the domain is sensitive to the presence and position of heavy syllables. Thus, we argue that metrical theory should take the CB data into account. CB ternary spreading can occur in contexts with an abundance of unparsed syllables on either side of the domain. We argue that this property is problematic for ‘Weak Layering’ accounts using binary feet (McCarthy and Prince 1986; Hayes 1995), which revolve around the minimal presence of unparsed syllables. We propose an alternative account using layered feet (Martínez-Paricio and Kager 2015), specifying an inner quantity-sensitive iamb and a strictly monomoraic adjunct. We show that a principled characterization of the spreading domain is that tone associates to all and only footed moras. We argue that a metrical analysis provides a more principled account of the data than can be achieved by Bickmore and Kula’s purely autosegmental analysis. Finally, we show that foot-based accounts of CB ternary spreading predict syllable-integrity violations (SIVs), where parsing consumes only the first of two tautosyllabic moras. Contrary to the common view that SIVs are universally disallowed, we embrace this result and put it in a typological context. We adopt an Optimality Theory constraint set to model SIVs (Kager and Martínez-Paricio 2018b), and extend it, paving the way for a typological investigation of SIVs

Tonos condicionados por la estructura métrica y pies mínimamente recursivos en Chugach Alutiiq

This article presents a reanalysis of the foot-based phonology of Chugach Alutiiq (henceforth CA), a language that displays a complex mixed ternary–binary rhythm, as well as metrically conditioned distributions of pitch, fortition and vowel lengthening. Elaborating on earlier analyses of CA that had posited some kind of ternary constituent (Hewitt, 1991, 1992; Leer, 1985a, 1985b, 1985c; Rice, 1992), we propose CA should be analyzed by means of the Internally Layered Ternary (ILT) foot, a minimal recursive foot (Prince, 1980; Selkirk, 1980), which was recently revived in a typological study of binary–ternary stress (Martínez-Paricio & Kager, 2015). It will be argued that ILT feet capture CA’s puzzling dual behavior of unstressed and stressed syllables straightforwardly by referring to the status of syllables as heads or dependents of minimal or non-minimal feet. After showing the value of ILT feet in the analysis of CA rhythmic and segmental patterns, we turn to our analytical focus, the distributions of high and low pitch. This distribution is arguably metrically conditioned, yet an analysis based on stress or standard binary feet cannot capture it, whereas the ILT approach can. To highlight the advantages of our approach, we end by offering brief comparisons with previous analyses of CA.Este artículo presenta un reanálisis de diversos aspectos fonológicos de la lengua esquimal Chugach Alutiiq (de ahora en adelante, CA): la asignación de acentos rítmicos (binarios y ternarios), la distribución de los tonos alto y bajo, el fortalecimiento de algunas consonantes y el alargamiento de determinadas vocales. Influidos por análisis previos de la lengua que postularon la existencia de algún tipo de constituyente prosódico ternario en CA (Hewitt, 1991, 1992; Leer 1985a, 1985b, 1985c; Rice, 1992), proponemos que la fonología métrica de CA debe analizarse por medio de un pie Ternario Mínimamente Recursivo (TMR); estas estructuras fueron originariamente propuestas por Prince (1980) y Selkirk (1980), y han sido recientemente retomadas en un estudio tipológico sobre el ritmo binario y ternario (Martínez-Paricio & Kager, 2015). A lo largo del artículo se demostrará que todos estos procesos pueden recibir un análisis fonológico sencillo si se incorporan, entre las posibles representaciones métricas del lenguaje, los pies TMR. Concretamente, se demostrará que el pie TMR permite dar cuenta del comportamiento dual de las sílabas tónicas y átonas en CA mediante la referencia al estatus específico de estas sílabas bien como núcleos o dependientes de un pie mínimo o no mínimo. Tras resaltar el papel que desempeñan los pies recursivos en diversos patrones rítmicos y segmentales de CA, nos centramos en el análisis de la distribución de los tonos alto y bajo en esta lengua. El artículo se cierra con una breve comparación con otros análisis alternativos