Potential and Feasibility of Mytilus spp. Farming Along a Salinity Gradient

Mussel farming, compared to marine finfish aquaculture, represents an environmentally friendly alternative for a high quality protein source and can at the same time be a measure to remove excess nutrients in eutrophic areas. As such, it is considered as a promising “blue growth” potential and promoted within the European Union. To expand mussel aquaculture, new regions have to be considered because there are multiple marine usages, and spatial limitations occur in coastal areas. The brackish Baltic Sea might be considered for expansion of mussel aquaculture. This study focusses on estimated production potential, economic profitability and nutrient remediation potential of mussel farming at different salinities. Four experimental mussel farms were set up along the German Baltic coast at salinities ranging from 7 to 17 psu. Collected growth data was used to calibrate and validate a Dynamic Energy Budget model and to predict the potential mussel production at 12 sites along the German coast. The estimated production and nutrient removal was used to assess economic profitability, assuming two usages of the harvest: human consumption and mussel meal production. Measured mussel specific growth rates increased with salinity from 0.05 mm d–1 in Greifswald Bay to 0.11 mm d–1 in Kiel Fjord. Within 6 months, a 1-ha farm could produce from 1 t (Darss-Zingst-Bodden-Chain) to 51 t (Flensburg) fresh mussels and remove 1.1 to 27.7 kg P and 24.7 to 612.7 kg N, respectively. Mussel farms at sites west of Rostock at salinities >10 psu could produce 5 cm mussels within 18 months, but only farms at Flensburg, Eckernförde and Kiel Fjord became profitable at a farm size of 4 ha (160,000 m3) at current market prices of 2.2 € kg–1. Regardless of the farm size, none of the farm sites could operate profitable if fresh mussels were sold for animal feeding at sales price of 0.06 € kg–1. Yearly nutrient removal costs at a small-scale farm (1 ha) ranged between 162 € (Flensburg) and 4,018 € (Darss-Zingst-Bodden-Chain) kg–1 nitrogen, and 3,580 € and 88,750 € kg–1 phosphorus, respectively

Spatial Effects of Different Zebra Mussel Farming Strategies in an Eutrophic Baltic Lagoon

Finding suitable places to establish a mussel farm is challenging, as many aspects like mussel growth, clearance effect and the risk of low oxygen conditions, have to be considered. We present a tailor-made approach, combining field experiments with a spatially explicit model tool, to support the planning process. A case study was set up in the German part of Szczecin (Oder) Lagoon (Baltic Sea), as it shows all typical eutrophication problems and has a strong need and high potential for nutrient retention measures. Farming zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) is an innovative approach that utilizes a species which is often perceived as a pest. The practical applicability and water quality improvement potential was proven by a pilot farm. Combining the gained knowledge with the simulation model led to a cascade of mussel farm options that differ in purpose, location, and biomass. Placing a mussel farm in an enclosed bay resulted in a remarkable water quality improvement (Secchi Depth increased up to 2 m), but the effect stayed local, the growth was limited and the potential annual nutrient removal reached a threshold of ~30 t N and 2.8 t P. The same nutrient removal could be reached with much smaller farms in an open sea area, whereas the change of water transparency or bottom oxygen conditions were neglectable. A maximal nutrient removal potential of 1,750 t N and 160 t P per year was estimated, when nearly the entire German part of Szczecin Lagoon with mussel farms was used. This led to a strong reduction of phytoplankton and an increase of Secchi Depth, but also a rising risk of anoxia. Overall, all mussel farm options are only a supportive measure, but not sufficient to reach the Good Environmental Status demanded by the Water Framework Directive. At once, the nutrient export from Szczecin Lagoon to the open Baltic was reduced by up to 3,500 t N and 420 t P per year, making the large-scale mussel farm option also a potential measure within the Marine Strategy Framework Directive

Modeling eelgrass spatial response to nutrient abatement measures in a changing climate

For many coastal areas including the Baltic Sea, ambitious nutrient abatement goals have been set to curb eutrophication, but benefits of such measures were normally not studied in light of anticipated climate change. To project the likely responses of nutrient abatement on eelgrass (Zostera marina), we coupled a species distribution model with a biogeochemical model, obtaining future water turbidity, and a wave model for predicting the future hydrodynamics in the coastal area. Using this, eelgrass distribution was modeled for different combinations of nutrient scenarios and future wind fields. We are the first to demonstrate that while under a business as usual scenario overall eelgrass area will not recover, nutrient reductions that fulfill the Helsinki Commission’s Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) are likely to lead to a substantial areal expansion of eelgrass coverage, primarily at the current distribution’s lower depth limits, thereby overcompensating losses in shallow areas caused by a stormier climate

Managing Eutrophication in the Szczecin (Oder) Lagoon-Development, Present State and Future Perspectives

High riverine nutrient loads caused poor water quality, low water transparency and an unsatisfactory ecological status in the Szczecin (Oder) Lagoon, a trans-boundary water at the southern shore of the Baltic Sea. Total annual riverine N (P) loads into the lagoon raised at the 20th century from approximately 14,000 t TN (1,000 t TP) to 115,000 t TN (10,500 t TP) in the 1980ties and declined to about 56,750 t TN (2,800 t TP) after 2010. Nutrient concentrations, water transparency (Secchi depth) and chlorophyll-a showed a positive response to the reduced nutrient loads in the Polish eastern lagoon. This was not the case in the German western lagoon, where summer Secchi depth is 0.6 m and mean chlorophyll-a concentration is four times above the threshold for the Good Ecological Status. Measures to improve the water quality focused until now purely on nutrient load reductions, but the nutrient load targets and Maximal Allowable Inputs are contradicting between EU Water Framework Directive and EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive. According to the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan, the thresholds of the annual riverine nutrient inputs to the lagoon would be about 48,850 t N (1,570 t P). Actions in the river basins that would allow meeting these targets are hardly achievable. Even if the load targets would be fully implemented, they are not sufficient to transfer the lagoon into a non-eutrophic state. The implementation of EU Water Framework Directive is further hampered, as consistent water quality thresholds for the two parts of Szczecin Lagoon are missing. An approach to harmonize them is presented, which incorporates the spatial differences. By implementing consistent water quality targets, Szczecin Lagoon could serve as blueprint for other trans-boundary waters. In the western lagoon, nutrient load reductions in the past decades had no effect on the water quality. High water residence times, frequent sediment resuspension and the missing submerged vegetation inhibit the load reduction effects on the water quality. Internal measures in the western lagoon are necessary, which aim at removing nutrients and increasing water transparency to overcome the hysteresis effect and to initiate a recovery of macrophytes. Cultivation of zebra mussels seems the most promising approach

Assessment of eutrophication abatement scenarios for the Baltic Sea by multi-model ensemble simulations

Peer reviewe

Assessment of Uncertainties in Scenario Simulations of Biogeochemical Cycles in the Baltic Sea

Following earlier regional assessment studies, such as the Assessment of Climate Change for the Baltic Sea Basin and the North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment, knowledge acquired from available literature about future scenario simulations of biogeochemical cycles in the Baltic Sea and their uncertainties is assessed. The identification and reduction of uncertainties of scenario simulations are issues for marine management. For instance, it is important to know whether nutrient load abatement will meet its objectives of restored water quality status in future climate or whether additional measures are required. However, uncertainties are large and their sources need to be understood to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of measures. The assessment of sources of uncertainties in projections of biogeochemical cycles based on authors' own expert judgment suggests that the biggest uncertainties are caused by (1) unknown current and future bioavailable nutrient loads from land and atmosphere, (2) the experimental setup (including the spin up strategy), (3) differences between the projections of global and regional climate models, in particular, with respect to the global mean sea level rise and regional water cycle, (4) differing model-specific responses of the simulated biogeochemical cycles to long-term changes in external nutrient loads and climate of the Baltic Sea region, and (5) unknown future greenhouse gas emissions. Regular assessments of the models' skill (or quality compared to observations) for the Baltic Sea region and the spread in scenario simulations (differences among projected changes) as well as improvement of dynamical downscaling methods are recommended.Peer reviewe

Melting Sea Ice in the Baltic Sea – Changes and Possible Effects

Simulation zu Auswirkungen und Umfang des Eisrückgangs in der Ostsee

Numerische Lösung von Optimalsteuerungsaufgaben unter Nebenbedingungen mit biologischen Anwendungen

In dieser Dissertation wird ein Verfahren zur Lösung von Optimalsteuerungsaufgaben mit Steuer-Zustandsbeschränkungen vorgestellt. Dazu werden die notwendigen Bedingungen an eine optimale Lösung benutzt, die ein System aus algebraischen Gleichungen, Ungleichungen und Differentialgleichungen erzeugen. Dieses System wird mit einem Newton-ähnlichen Ansatz gelöst. Außerdem wird die Erweiterung auf Problemen mit reinen Zustandsbeschränkungen vorgeführt. Eine deutliche Verbesserung der Konvergenzergebnisse kann durch die Anwendung der Fisher-Burmeister-Funktion auf die Komplementaritätsbedingungen erzielt werden. Die Iterationsverfahren werden auf eine Reihe von restringierten Optimalsteuerungsaufgaben (Aufgaben mit reinen Steuerbeschränkungen, gemischten Steuer-Zustandbeschränkungen und reinen Zustandsbeschränkungen für einzelne Zeitpunkte und für das gesamte Optimierungsintervall) angewendet, um ihr Verhalten bei verschiedenen Startwerten sowie unterschiedlichen Schrittweitenansätzen zu untersuchen. Dazu werden zum einen zwei aus der Literatur bekannte Aufgaben (das Rayleigh-Problem und das Minimum-Ernergy-Problem) gelöst und zum anderen werden zwei Probleme mit biologischem Hintergrund untersucht. So wird eine Optimalsteuerungsaufgabe aus der Fischerei um geeignete Einnahmenbedingungen erweitert, die absichern sollen, dass die Fischer keine längeren Phasen ohne Kapitalzuwachs haben. Dazu wird zwischen einer globalen Bedingung und einer Bedingung für endlich viele Zeitpunkte unterschieden. Desweiteren wird ein Modell einer HIV-Erkrankung untersucht, bei dem die numerischen Verfahren, die die notwendigen Bedingungen an eine optimale Lösung benutzen, nur für geringe Behandlungszeiten (bis zu 50 Tage) das Problem lösen. Es zeigt sich, dass die Stabilität dieser Verfahren deutlich verbessert werden kann, wenn das Modell um eine Obergrenze für die T-Zellen erweitert wird. Den Abschluss der Dissertation bildet ein Kapitel zur Konvergenzuntersuchung, in dem sich zeigt, dass die verwendeten Iterationsverfahren teilweise von sehr schlechter Konvergenzordnung sind, da die Bedingung für eine lineare Konvergenz nicht erfüllt wird.In this dissertation, a method for the solution of optimal-control-tasks with control-state-constraints is presented. Therefore the necessary conditions are used, that produce a system of equations, inequalities and differential equations. This system is solved with a Newton-like approach. In addition, the extension to problems with pure state-constraints is presented. A clear improvement of the convergence results can be achieved by application of the Fisher-Burmeister-Function on the complementary conditions. The iteration methods are used for the solution of a number of restricted optimal control problems (tasks with pure control constraints, mixed control-state-constraints and pure state-constraints for only several timepoints and for the whole optimization interval) to test their behavior with respect to various initial values and different stepsize-approaches. Therefore two from literature known tasks (the Rayleigh-Problem and the Minimum-Energy-Problem) are solved. On the other hand two problems with biological background are studied. Thus an optimal control task from fishery is expanded by an income condition to secure that the fishermen have not too long periods with no income-increase. Therefore it is distinguished between a global constraint and a condition for a finite number of timepoints. Furthermore a model of a HIV-disease is investigated, in which the numerical procedure, that uses the necessary conditions, only solves the task for quite short treatment times (up to 50 days). It turns out that the stability of the method can be significantly improved if the model is expanded by an upper limit of the T-cells. The completion of the dissertation builds a chapter on the convergence behaviour, in which is showed that the iteration method is of a poor convergence order, since the condition for a linear convergence is not satisfied

Near-bottom Oxygen observations from Western Baltic Sea

The provided dataset includes the near-bottom oxygen observations (NBO) from the western Baltic Sea (8.5-16°E and 53.67-57.5°N) and is presented in detail by Friedland, Vock, Piehl (2023, https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/18/3235). The provided data consists of a couple of individual dataset from several freely usable sources: IOW measurement database, ICES Dataset of Hydrography, Boknis Eck time series, EU Copernicus Marine Data Store and the databases of the Mecklenburg Western Pomerania state office for Environment, Conservation and Geology (LUNG-MV) and the Schleswig-Holstein state office for the Environment (LfU-SH) respectively. From the different databases, we extracted the measured dissolved oxygen concentrations (or the measured oxygen saturation, which was converted following Weiss (1970)), location (longitude, latitude, water depth) and depth of the measurement. Aiming to unify the data in the joint dataset, the different datasets were transformed to mg/l, duplicates were removed and measurements at the same time and location obtained by different methods were averaged. Due to many inconsistencies between the measurement depth and bathymetric depth as well as large variations in the measured bathymetric depth of the respective measuring stations, the measured bathymetric depth given in the datasets was replaced by the bathymetric depth retrieved from iowtopo and EMODnet Bathymetry. The datasets mentioned above, included measurements of dissolved oxygen from the whole water column. To sort out the NBO, the deepest measurement was used, if it was close enough to the bottom using as threshold: for water depths below 16m, measurements within the lower 25% of the water column and for water depths above 16m measurements from a maximum of 4 meters above the sea floor were selected