Decomposing Gender Differences in College Student Earnings Expectations

Despite the increasing coverage and prevalence of equality legislation and the general alignment of key determining characteristics such as educational attainment, gender differentials continue to persist in labour market outcomes, including earnings. Recently, evidence has been found supporting the role of typically unobserved non-cognitive factors in explaining these gender differentials. We contribute to this literature by testing whether gender gaps in the earnings expectations of a representative group of Irish university students are explained by simultaneously controlling for gender heterogeneity across a wide array of cognitive and noncognitive factors. Non-cognitive factors were found to play a significant role in explaining the gender gap, however, gender differentials persist even after controlling for an extensive range of cognitive and non-cognitive factors. Nearly three-quarters of the short run and two-thirds of the long run differential could not be explained.Gender, Education, Inequality, Discrimination, Earnings Expectations.

Progress Toward the Total Synthesis of Guanacastepene A via a Rh(I)-catalyzed Cyclocarbonylation Reaction.

The cyclocarbonylation reaction or the formal [2 + 2 +1] cycloaddition reaction involving alkynes, allenes, and a carbon monoxide source is a powerful methodology for the formation of cyclopentadienones. More importantly, complex ring systems can be successfully synthesized by employing the intramolecular cyclocarbonylation reaction to allenyne-containing substrates. In this thesis, progress towards the total synthesis of guanacastepene A is reported. The tricyclic skeleton of guanacastepene A has been successfully formed via a Rh(I)-catalyzed cyclocarbonylation reaction. One challenging problem of our synthetic approach is the installation of the angular methyl group at C11. It is predicted that this group can be stereoselectively appended through a hydroxyl directed cyclopropanation, oxidation, and cyclopropyl ring opening reaction sequence. SmI2 was investigated for the reductive opening of the cyclopropane. However, these conditions gave the ring expanded cyclohexanone instead of the desired angular methyl-containing cyclopentanone. Attempts to affect the cyclopropyl ring opening on a model system were investigated. Both dissolving metal (Li/NH3) and Bu3SnH reduction conditions gave ring expansion as the primary product on the model system

Methodological approach for mapping ecosystem services in urban and suburban areas.

In Urban and suburban areas, the technology of remote sensing can offer a practical and economical means to study ecological quality of cities based on the specific functions or functional groups/biodiversity which support the supply of ecosystem services (e.g. habitats for species, maintenance of genetic diversity). This is because many ES are ecological processes or directly products by them. Other ecological processes can have detrimental effects on service supply. Thus, mapping the spatial distribution and the degree of ecosystem functionality can provide useful information of the service provided by them to the urban population. Within the framework of the Urbangaia project, the purpose of this study is to bridge present a methodology of ecosystem service related research in ecology and remote sensing in urban areas. Specifically, the study presents a remote sensing-based method for ES potential assessment in four European studies cases- Ghent, Coimbra, Vilnius and Leipzing-. Land cover was used as a proxy measure of ecosystem services because of its multiple linkages to carbon storage, watershed protection, and other types of services. For each land cover type, the services provided by the ecosystem are identified and given a monetary value based on previous studies and original calculations. A GeoEye-1 Satellite Sensor (0.5m spatial resolution) has been used in each study case, for its broad spatial coverage of its images. Several key areas are considered such as land cover, biodiversity, carbon, water and soil related ecosystem service. By the analysis of the different studies cases, the study also gives some global recommendation.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Assessment of the vegetation cover in a burned area 22-years ago using remote sensing techniques and GIS analysis (Sierra de las Nieves, South of Spain).

The study aim was to characterize the vegetation cover in a burned area 22-years ago considering the previous situation to wildfire in 1991 and the current one in 2013. The objectives were to: (i) compare the current and previous vegetation cover to widlfire; (ii) evaluate whether the current vegetation has recovered the previous cover to wildfire; and (iii) determine the spatial variability of vegetation recovery after 22-years since the wildfire. The study area is located in Sierra de las Nieves, South of Spain. It corresponds to an area affected by a wildfire in August 8th, 1991. The burned area was equal to 8156 ha. The burn severity was spatially very high. The main geographic features of the burned area are: mountainous topography (altitudes ranging from 250 m to 1500 m; slope gradient >25Remote sensing techniques and GIS analysis has been applied to achieve the objectives. Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 images were used: July 13th, 1991 and July 1st, 2013, for the previous wildfire situation and 22-years after, respectively. The 1990 CORINE land cover was also considered to map 1991 land uses prior the wildfire. Likewise, the Andalucía Regional Government wildfire historic records were used to select the burned area and its geographical limit. 1991 and 2013 land cover map were obtained by means of object-oriented classifications. Also, NDVI and PVI1 vegetation indexes were calculated and mapped for both years. Finally, some images transformations and kernel density images were applied to determine the most recovered areas and to map the spatial concentration of bare soil and pine cover areas in 1991 and 2013, respectively. According to the results, the combination of remote sensing and GIS analysis let map the most recovered areas affected by the wildfire in 1991. The vegetation indexes indicated that the vegetation cover in 2013 was still lower than that mapped just before the 1991 widlfire in most of the burned area after 22-years. This result was also confirmed by other techniques applied. Finally, the kernel density surface let identify and locate the most recovered areas of pine cover as well as those areas that still remain totally or partially uncovered (bare soil.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

PENGARUH BEBAN KERJA DAN DUKUNGAN SOSIAL TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN DENGAN STRES KERJA SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING (STUDI PADA PERAWAT RUMAH SAKIT PANTI WILASA CITARUM SEMARANG)

Panti Wilasa Citarum Hospital is one of the health institutions such as hospitals that are under the governance of the Christian Foundation for Public Health (Yakkum). The problem that currently happening in the Panti Wilasa Citarum Hospital is nurse performance is not optimal due to the high levels of work stress of the nurses. This was reflected in the high turnover rate of nurses in Hospitals Panti Wilasa Citarum during 2013. As many as 16 persons or 9.25% of nurses who left her job as a nurse at the Panti Wilasa Citarum Hospital. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of workload and social support on employee performance with work stress as moderation. The data required to test the influence between these variables was obtained through a questionnaire distributed to 100 nurses at the Panti Wilasa Citarum Hospital. Results of data collection then analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Results of hypothesis testing showed that workload is not statistically proven to have significant effect on work stress, social support is statistically proven to have significant and negative effect on job stress, workload is statistically proven to have significant and negative effect on employee performance, social support is statistically proven to have significant and positive effect on employee performance, and work stress is statistically proven to have significant and negative effect on employee performance

The Interpretation of X-Ray and Electron Signals Generated in Thin or Layered Targets

This work outlines the development of a comprehensive theory for the electron probe microanalyser and scanning electron microscope or SEM, that is intended to serve as a framework of understanding for those employing electron beam methods and as a basis for improved correction procedures. There is particular emphasis on applications to layered and non-uniform specimens. Starting from a simple Gaussian depth distribution of electrons and making assumptions about the X-ray production, a series of predictions of X-ray and electron signals are made for various target configurations. When compared with experimental measurements a series of interesting discoveries follow, which, taken altogether, lead to a more refined model with the promise of more accurate analyses and a better understanding of the physics involved