Towards an Integrated Primary and Secondary HIV Prevention Continuum for the United States: a Cyclical Process Model

Introduction: Every new HIV infection is preventable and every HIV-related death is avoidable. As many jurisdictions around the world endeavour to end HIV as an epidemic, missed HIV prevention and treatment opportunities must be regarded as public health emergencies, and efforts to quickly fill gaps in service provision for all people living with and vulnerable to HIV infection must be prioritized. Discussion: We present a novel, comprehensive, primary and secondary HIV prevention continuum model for the United States as a conceptual framework to identify key steps in reducing HIV incidence and improving health outcomes among those vulnerable to, as well as those living with, HIV infection. We further discuss potential approaches to address gaps in data required for programme planning, implementation and evaluation across the elements of the HIV prevention continuum. Conclusions: Our model conceptualizes opportunities to monitor and quantify primary HIV prevention efforts and, importantly, illustrates the interplay between an outcomes-oriented primary HIV prevention process and the HIV care continuum to move aggressively forward in reaching ambitious reductions in HIV incidence. To optimize the utility of this outcomes-oriented HIV prevention continuum, a key gap to be addressed includes the creation and increased coordination of data relevant to HIV prevention across sectors

HIV infection among pregnant women attended in testing and counseling centers for AIDS

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência do HIV e identificar comportamentos sexuais de risco para a infecção em gestantes que realizaram rotina da assistência pré-natal. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com base em registros de atendimentos de 8.002 gestantes (25% do total dos municípios) residentes em 27 municípios da Região Sul do Brasil, em 2003, que realizaram testes anti-HIV em Centro de Testagem e Aconselhamento que realizavam pré-natal. Foram coletadas informações sociodemográficas e comportamentais, além dos resultados de testes para sífilis e HIV, nas consultas de aconselhamento individual registradas em banco de dados do Sistema de Informações dos Centros de Testagem e Aconselhamento. Foram excluídas da base de dados as gestantes que buscaram os Centros para confirmação de sorologia anterior e aquelas encaminhadas ao serviço por apresentarem sintomas de Aids. RESULTADOS: Do total de gestantes estudadas, 0,5% (IC 95%=0,3-0,6) foram positivas para o HIV. A única variável associada com a soropositividade para o HIV foi o nível de escolaridade. A maioria das gestantes se expôs basicamente por meio de relações sexuais sem preservativos com o parceiro único com quem mantinham relação estável. As gestantes mais jovens, solteiras, desempregadas e de menor escolaridade constituíram o grupo de maior exposição. CONCLUSÕES: O Sistema de Informações dos Centros de Testagem e Aconselhamento revelou-se útil à vigilância epidemiológica da infecção pelo HIV e dos comportamentos de risco no segmento de gestantes e pode vir a sê-lo em relação a outras populações. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE: To estimate HIV prevalence and identify high-risk sexual behavior for infection in pregnant women who were given prenatal assistance. METHODS: Cross-sectional study based on attendance records of 8,002 pregnant women (25% of all municipalities) who lived in 27 municipalities in Southern Brazil in 2003 and had anti-HIV tests done in a testing and counseling center that performed prenatal assistance. Sociodemographic and behavioral data were gathered, as well as syphilis and HIV test results, during the individual counseling sessions registered in the data bank of the Sistema de Informações dos Centros de Testagem e Aconselhamento (Information System on Testing and Counseling Centers). Women who sought the centers for confirmation of previous serology or were referred to this service due to the presence of AIDS symptoms were excluded from the data base. RESULTS: A total of 0.5% of all the pregnant women analyzed (CI 95%=0.3;0.6) were HIV positive. The only variable associated with HIV seropositivity was schooling. The majority of them were basically exposed through unprotected sexual intercourse with the only partner they had a steady relationship with. Younger pregnant women who were single, unemployed and had lower level of education constituted the group with highest exposure. CONCLUSIONS: The Sistema de Informações dos Centros de Testagem e Aconselhamento turned out to be useful for the epidemiological surveillance of HIV infection and high-risk behavior among pregnant women and could also be useful as regards other populations

Self-reported side effects and adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected pregnant women under option B+: a prospective study

BACKGROUND: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens containing efavirenz (EFV) are recommended as part of universal ART for pregnant and breastfeeding women. EFV may have appreciable side effects (SE), and ART adherence in pregnancy is a major concern, but little is known about ART SE and associations with adherence in pregnancy. METHODS: We investigated the distribution of patient-reported SE (based on Division of AIDS categories) and the association of SE with missed ART doses in a cohort of 517 women starting EFV+3TC/FTC+TDF during pregnancy. In analysis, SE were considered in terms of their overall frequency, by systems category, and by latent classes. RESULTS: Overall 97% of women reported experiencing at least one SE after ART initiation, with 48% experiencing more than five SE. Gastrointestinal, central nervous system, systemic and skin SE were reported by 81%, 85%, 79% and 31% of women, respectively, with considerable overlap across groups. At least one missed dose was reported by 32% of women. In multivariable models, ART non-adherence was associated with systemic SE compared to other systems categories, and measures of the overall burden of SE experienced were most strongly associated with missed ART doses. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate very high levels of SE in pregnant women initiating EFV-based ART and a strong association between SE burden and ART adherence. ART regimens with reduced SE profiles may enhance adherence, and as countries expand universal ART for all adult patients, counseling must include preparation for ART SE

Factors associated with initiation of antiretroviral therapy in the advanced stages of HIV infection in six Ethiopian HIV clinics, 2012 to 2013

Introduction: Most HIV-positive persons in sub-Saharan Africa initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART) with advanced infection (late ART initiation). Intervening on the drivers of late ART initiation is a critical step towards achieving the full potential of HIV treatment scale-up. This study aimed to identify modifiable factors associated with late ART initiation in Ethiopia. Methods: From 2012 to 2013, Ethiopian adults (n=1180) were interviewed within two weeks of ART initiation. Interview data were merged with HIV care histories to assess correlates of late ART initiation (CD4+ count \u3c150 cells/mL or World Health Organization Stage IV). Results: The median CD4 count at enrolment in HIV care was 263 cells/mL (interquartile range (IQR): 140 to 390) and 212 cells/mL (IQR: 119 to 288) at ART initiation. Overall, 31.2% of participants initiated ART late, of whom 85.1% already had advanced HIV disease at enrolment. Factors associated with higher odds of late ART initiation included male sex (vs. non-pregnant females; adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.02; 95% CI: 1.50 to 2.73), high levels of psychological distress (vs. low/none, aOR: 1.96; 95% CI: 1.34 to 2.87), perceived communication barriers with providers (aOR: 2.42, 95% CI: 1.24 to 4.75), diagnosis via provider initiated testing (vs. voluntary counselling and testing, aOR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.07 to 2.04), tuberculosis (TB) treatment prior to ART initiation (aOR: 2.16, 95% CI: 1.43 to 3.25) and a gap in care of six months or more prior to ART initiation (aOR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.10 to 3.72). Testing because of partner illness/death (aOR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.42 to 0.95) was associated with lower odds of late ART initiation. Conclusions: Programmatic initiatives promoting earlier diagnosis, engagement in pre-ART care, and integration of TB and HIV treatments may facilitate earlier ART initiation. Men and those experiencing psychological distress may also benefit from targeted support prior to ART initiation

Assessing Usual Care in Clinical Trials

Researchers designing clinical trials often specify usual care received by participants as the control condition expecting that all participants receive usual care regardless of group assignment. The assumption is that the groups in the study are affected similarly. We describe the assessment of usual care within the 16 studies in MACH 14, a multi-site collaboration on adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Only five of the studies in MACH 14 assessed usual care. Assessment protocols varied as did the timing and frequency of assessments. All usual care assessments addressed patient education focused on HIV, HIV medications, and medication adherence. Our findings support earlier work that calls for systematic assessments of usual care within the study design, inclusion of descriptions of usual care in reports of the study, and the influence of usual care on the experimental condition in clinical trials

Assessing Usual Care in Clinical Trials

Researchers designing clinical trials often specify usual care received by participants as the control condition expecting that all participants receive usual care regardless of group assignment. The assumption is that the groups in the study are affected similarly. We describe the assessment of usual care within the 16 studies in MACH 14, a multi-site collaboration on adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Only five of the studies in MACH 14 assessed usual care. Assessment protocols varied as did the timing and frequency of assessments. All usual care assessments addressed patient education focused on HIV, HIV medications, and medication adherence. Our findings support earlier work that calls for systematic assessments of usual care within the study design, inclusion of descriptions of usual care in reports of the study, and the influence of usual care on the experimental condition in clinical trials

Infecção pelo HIV entre gestantes atendidas nos centros de testagem e aconselhamento em Aids

OBJECTIVE: To estimate HIV prevalence and identify high-risk sexual behavior for infection in pregnant women who were given prenatal assistance. METHODS: Cross-sectional study based on attendance records of 8,002 pregnant women (25% of all municipalities) who lived in 27 municipalities in Southern Brazil in 2003 and had anti-HIV tests done in a testing and counseling center that performed prenatal assistance. Sociodemographic and behavioral data were gathered, as well as syphilis and HIV test results, during the individual counseling sessions registered in the data bank of the Sistema de Informações dos Centros de Testagem e Aconselhamento (Information System on Testing and Counseling Centers). Women who sought the centers for confirmation of previous serology or were referred to this service due to the presence of AIDS symptoms were excluded from the data base. RESULTS: A total of 0.5% of all the pregnant women analyzed (CI 95%=0.3;0.6) were HIV positive. The only variable associated with HIV seropositivity was schooling. The majority of them were basically exposed through unprotected sexual intercourse with the only partner they had a steady relationship with. Younger pregnant women who were single, unemployed and had lower level of education constituted the group with highest exposure. CONCLUSIONS: The Sistema de Informações dos Centros de Testagem e Aconselhamento turned out to be useful for the epidemiological surveillance of HIV infection and high-risk behavior among pregnant women and could also be useful as regards other populations.OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência do HIV e identificar comportamentos sexuais de risco para a infecção em gestantes que realizaram rotina da assistência pré-natal. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com base em registros de atendimentos de 8.002 gestantes (25% do total dos municípios) residentes em 27 municípios da Região Sul do Brasil, em 2003, que realizaram testes anti-HIV em Centro de Testagem e Aconselhamento que realizavam pré-natal. Foram coletadas informações sociodemográficas e comportamentais, além dos resultados de testes para sífilis e HIV, nas consultas de aconselhamento individual registradas em banco de dados do Sistema de Informações dos Centros de Testagem e Aconselhamento. Foram excluídas da base de dados as gestantes que buscaram os Centros para confirmação de sorologia anterior e aquelas encaminhadas ao serviço por apresentarem sintomas de Aids. RESULTADOS: Do total de gestantes estudadas, 0,5% (IC 95%=0,3-0,6) foram positivas para o HIV. A única variável associada com a soropositividade para o HIV foi o nível de escolaridade. A maioria das gestantes se expôs basicamente por meio de relações sexuais sem preservativos com o parceiro único com quem mantinham relação estável. As gestantes mais jovens, solteiras, desempregadas e de menor escolaridade constituíram o grupo de maior exposição. CONCLUSÕES: O Sistema de Informações dos Centros de Testagem e Aconselhamento revelou-se útil à vigilância epidemiológica da infecção pelo HIV e dos comportamentos de risco no segmento de gestantes e pode vir a sê-lo em relação a outras populações

Community-based interventions to improve and sustain antiretroviral therapy adherence, retention in HIV care and clinical outcomes in low- and middle-income countries for achieving the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets

Little is known about the effect of community versus health facility-based interventions to improve and sustain antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, virologic suppression, and retention in care among HIV-infected individuals in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We systematically searched four electronic databases for all available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and comparative cohort studies in LMICs comparing community versus health facility-based interventions. Relative risks (RRs) for pre-defined adherence, treatment engagement (linkage and retention in care), and relevant clinical outcomes were pooled using random effect models. Eleven cohort studies and eleven RCTs (N = 97,657) were included. Meta-analysis of the included RCTs comparing community- versus health facility-based interventions found comparable outcomes in terms of ART adherence (RR = 1.02, 95 % CI 0.99 to 1.04), virologic suppression (RR = 1.00, 95 % CI 0.98 to 1.03), and all-cause mortality (RR = 0.93, 95 % CI 0.73 to 1.18). The result of pooled analysis from the RCTs (RR = 1.03, 95 % CI 1.01 to 1.06) and cohort studies (RR  = 1.09, 95 % CI 1.03 to 1.15) found that participants assigned to community-based interventions had statistically significantly higher rates of treatment engagement. Two studies found community-based ART delivery model either cost-saving or cost-effective. Community- versus facility-based models of ART delivery resulted in at least comparable outcomes for clinically stable HIV-infected patients on treatment in LMICs and are likely to be cost-effective

ART adherence changes among patients in community substance use treatment: a preliminary analysis from MACH14

Abstract Background Opiate substitution treatment has been associated with better adherence to lifesaving antiretroviral medications, but the impact of other substance abuse treatment on adherence is unknown. Findings In this study, 215 patients who had been in adherence-focused research studies provided electronically-measured adherence data and a measure of whether the patient had recently been in substance abuse treatment. Recent engagement in substance abuse treatment was independently associated with significantly higher adherence, after covarying for recent substance use and other factors potentially affecting adherence. Conclusions The findings suggest that substance abuse treatment is associated with better adherence. Potential mechanisms by which substance abuse treatment improves adherence, such as more stability or more future-orientation, require further study

The Association Between Poor Antiretroviral Adherence and Unsafe Sex: Differences by Gender and Sexual Orientation and Implications for Scale-up of Treatment as Prevention

Non-adherence to safer sex and non-adherence to ART can each have adverse health consequences for HIV-infected individuals and their sex partners, but little is known about the association of these behaviors with each other. This “dual risk” has potential negative public health consequences since non-adherence can lead to the development of resistant virus that can then be transmitted to sex partners