Seasonal occcurrence of chalcid parasitoids in an apple tree canopy 1999-2004

Im Bereich der Baumkronen ist eine auffallend hohe biologische Vielfalt von Arthropoden zu finden. Nicht nur in naturnahen Räumen, sondern auch im unmittelbaren Siedlungsbereich kann diese Diversität nachgewiesen werden. Als Basis für den Naturschutz und die Biodiversitätsforschung sind kontinuierliche Beobachtungen notwendig. Parasitoide Hymenopteren spielen eine wichtige Rolle als Regulatoren im Naturhaushalt. Sie begrenzen das Auftreten wirtschaftlich bedeutender Schädlinge und sind somit ein Baustein im integrierten Pflanzenschutz. Die Reduktion von Pflanzenschutzmitteln trägt zur Schonung und Förderung von nützlichen Arthropoden, den räuberischen Insekten und parasitoiden Hymenopteren bei. Übersichten zur Biodiversität in Deutschland zeigen, dass im Bereich der sogenannten ´Schlupfwespen´ viele Gruppen für Deutschland nur wenig bearbeitet sind (DATHE et al. 2001), obwohl es sich bei den parasitoiden Hymenopteren neben den Coleopteren um die größte Insektengruppe überhaupt handelt. Die Chalcidoidea und die Ichneumonoidea stellen hier die größten Überfamilien der parasitoiden Hymenopteren. Weltweit liegt der Anteil der Chalcidoidea nach Arten bei 25%, in Deutschland bei 15%. In dieser Überfamilie finden sich die wichtigsten der in der biologischen Schädlingsbekämpfung genutzten Arthropoden: z.B. Encarsia formosa, die Gegenspielerin der ´Weißen Fliege´ im Gewächshaus oder Trichogramma-Arten als natürliche Feinde von Schadmotten. Insgesamt sind für Deutschland etwa 1.800 Chalcidoidea bekannt. Sie werden in 18 Familien unterteilt, wobei die Pteromaliden die größte Familie darstellen.Tree canopy research is detecting a high biodiversity of arthropods even in urban areas. Continuous observation and monitoring provides basic information that is needed for enviromnent saving concepts and detailed research programmes. Parasitic hymenoptera are playing an important role as natural enemies and control agents of economical relevant pests. The reduction of pesticides for enhancing and saving beneficial arthropods is gaining growing interest. An overview on biodiversity of parasitic wasps in Germany shows that there is little known in some groups although they are the largest group of insects, together with the Coleoptera. The Chalcidoidea are of importance because of beneficial insects like the white fly parasitoid Encarsia formosa or Trichogramma species as natural enemies of lepidopterous pests. In Germany, about 1.800 chalcid wasps are know out of 18 families, in which the pteromalids are the largest group. Samples were taken from an apple tree canopy almost every day from 1999-2004. The tree had a canopy size from about 48 m3, leaf surface of about 80 m² and a height of 4,5 m. It is placed in an urban garden area and was never treated with pesticides within the last 45 years. From more than 38.000 caught specimens 2.400 parasitic wasps and as a part of those 800 Chalcidoidea could be identified. The percentage rate of Chalcidoidea from total wasps was 30-50 %. In 2003 to 2004 the sampling rate was smaller because of the growing age, loss of leaf mass and growing areas of non-living wood in the tree canopy. The results show a seasonal occurence of chalcidoidea wasps correlated with weather conditions and the avaibalility of host species

p-Adic Lifting Problems and Derived Equivalences

For two derived equivalent $k$-algebras $\bar\Lambda$ and $\bar\Gamma$, we introduce a correspondence between \OO-orders reducing to $\bar\Lambda$ and \OO-orders reducing to $\bar\Gamma$. We outline how this may be used to transfer properties like uniqueness (or non-existence) of a lift between $\bar\Lambda$ and $\bar\Gamma$. As an application, we look at tame algebras of dihedral type with two simple modules, where, most notably, we are able to show that among those algebras only the algebras $\mathcal D^{\kappa,0}(2A)$ and $\mathcal D^{\kappa,0}(2B)$ can actually occur as basic algebras of blocks of group rings of finite groups

Musiker-Migration und Musik-Transfer zwischen Böhmen und Sachsen im 18. Jahrhundert

Zu den interessantesten Fragen der Musikgeschichtsschreibung zählen solche nach dem kulturellen Austausch über politische, konfessionelle, Zoll- und Währungsgrenzen hinweg. Insbesondere zwischen Böhmen und Sachsen bestanden im 18. Jahrhundert vielfältige musikkulturelle Verbindungen. Es nahm daher nicht wunder, dass unzählige Musiker im 18. Jahrhundert und auch später Böhmen verließen, um vor allem in europäischen Hofkapellen und anderen Institutionen ihr berufliches Fortkommen zu finden. Dafür stehen u. a. die Namen Stamitz in Mannheim, Wranitzky in Wien, Reicha in Paris, Benda in Berlin und Zelenka in Dresden. Und mit den Musikern gelangten auch ihre Kompositionen, ihre musikalischen Idiome und ihre Spieltechniken in die neuen Wirkungsorte. Bezogen auf den sächsischen Raum und den gewählten Zeitraum 18. Jahrhundert wurden solche musikkulturellen Beziehungen von der Forschung erst in Ansätzen untersucht. Um hier Abhilfe zu schaffen, veranstaltete das Institut zur Erschließung und Erforschung der Alten Musik in Dresden (Musikschätze aus Dresden) e.V., seit 2007 An-Institut der Technischen Universität Dresden, gemeinsam mit dem Lehrstuhl Musikwissenschaft dieser Universität ein Internationales Symposium.:Zum vorliegenden Band 3 Programmflyer 2008 6 Grußwort des Schirmherrn 9 Grußwort des Veranstalters 10 Verzeichnis der mit Abkürzungen zitierten Literatur 12 Verzeichnis der benutzen Bibliothekssigel 14 Armin Schmid, Regensburg Johann Christoph Kridel (Rumburg 1672–1733) und seine Kantaten-Sammlung Neu-eröffnetes Blumen-Gärtlein (Bautzen 1706) 15 Michaela Freemanová, Prag Johann Adolf Hasse’s oratorios in the Bohemian Lands 28 Klaus-Peter Koch, Bergisch Gladbach Böhmische Musiker waren im Sachsen des 18. Jahrhunderts nicht nur in Dresden. Anmerkungen zur böhmischen Musiker-Migration 39 Hrosvith Dahmen, Dresden Zur Prager-Dresdner Kirchenmusik unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Messen von František Xaver Brixi 51 Marc Niubo, Prag The Italian Opera between Prague and Dresden in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century 58 Daniela Philippi, Frankfurt/Main Zur Überlieferung der Werke Christoph Willibald Glucks in Böhmen, Mähren und Sachsen 74 Hans-Günter Ottenberg, Dresden Instrumentalwerke böhmischer Komponisten in der Dresdner Hofmusik des 18. Jahrhunderts – Repertoireschwerpunkte, Stilistik, Überlieferungswege, Aufführungspraxis 83 Jiří Mikuláš, Prag Der Prager Komponist Vinzenz Maschek (1755–1831) und Sachsen 103 Undine Wagner, Chemnitz Böhmen – Polen – Sachsen – Preußen. Franz Benda und seine Beziehungen zu Mitgliedern der Dresdner Hofkapelle 110 Roland Biener, Berlin In der Ferne heimatverbunden? Die böhmischen Quellen zu Antonio Rosettis Kirchenmusik 12

Variability in springtime thaw in the terrestrial high latitudes: Monitoring a major control on the biospheric assimilation of atmospheric CO2 with spaceborne microwave remote sensing

Evidence is presented from the satellite microwave remote sensing record that the timing of seasonal thawing and subsequent initiation of the growing season in early spring has advanced by approximately 8 days from 1988 to 2001 for the pan-Arctic basin and Alaska. These trends are highly variable across the region, with North America experiencing a larger advance relative to Eurasia and the entire region. Interannual variability in the timing of spring thaw as detected from the remote sensing record corresponded directly to seasonal anomalies in mean atmospheric CO2 concentrations for the region, including the timing of the seasonal draw down of atmospheric CO2 from terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP) in spring, and seasonal maximum and minimum CO2 concentrations. The timing of the seasonal thaw for a given year was also found to be a significant (P \u3c 0.01) predictor of the seasonal amplitude of atmospheric CO2 for the following year. These results imply that the timing of seasonal thawing in spring has a major impact on terrestrial NPP and net carbon exchange at high latitudes. The initiation of the growing season has also been occurring earlier, on average, over the time period addressed in this study and may be a major mechanism driving observed atmospheric CO2 seasonal cycle advances, vegetation greening, and enhanced productivity for the northern high latitudes

Characterization of site-specific vegetation activity in Alaskan wet and dry tundra as related to climate and soil state

We present discrete (2-h resolution) multi-year (2008–2017) in situ measurements of seasonal vegetation growth and soil biophysical properties from two sites on Alaska\u27s North Slope, USA, representing dry and wet sedge tundra. We examine measurements of vertical active soil layer temperature and soil moisture profiles (freeze/thaw status), woody shrub vegetation physiological activity, and meteorological site data to assess interrelationships within (and between) these two study sites. Vegetation phenophases (cold de-hardening start, physiological function start, stem growth start, stem growth end, physiological function end, cold hardening completion) were found to have greater interannual day of year (DOY) occurrence variability at the dry site compared with the wet site. At the dry site, vegetation activity begins on average ~7 days earlier and ends ~11 days earlier. The mean active stem growth window lasts ~54 days for the dry site and ~51 days for the wet site. Vegetation, in both tundra environments, began cold de-hardening functions (warm season prep) prior to atmospheric temperatures warming above 0°C. Similar results were found related to the critical soil freeze/thaw/transition dates; the dry site had a DOY phenophase occurrence range that was 8 days larger than that of the wet site. A longer continuous summer thaw period was captured at the wet site by ~26 days throughout the active layer. In addition, the dry site was measured to have longer spring and fall soil isothermal conditions than the wet site by ~9 and 5 days throughout the active layer. These results show that the dry site\u27s willow shrub vegetation physiology and soil condition phenology is more variable than the wet site. Alongside the in situ data, a remote sensing product from NASA\u27s MEaSUREs program was utilized; our research indicates that the AMSR-derived satellite product is more precise over the wet tundra site with critical date alignment between remote sensing observations and in situ measurements ranging from ~4 to 11 days. Furthermore, the AMSR product was shown to preemptively estimate land surface condition change during the spring transition for both tundra types while lagging during the fall transition and freeze-up periods

Application of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar to Monitoring Seasonal Ecological and Hydrologic Processes in Boreal Forest

Freezehaw transitions in boreal landscapes drive critical dynamics in ecosystem and hydrologic activity. A capability for accurate, repeated, and reliable monitoring of landscape freezekhaw dynamics would improve our ability to quantify the interannual variability ofboreal hydrology and river runoff/flood dynamics and to assess the period of photosynthetic activity in boreal and arctic ecosystems, thus improving estimates of annual carbon budgets and of the interannual variability of regional carbon fluxes. Results from BOREAS experiments have indicated that the boreal forest has a net annual carbon flux near zero. A first step in assessing and monitoring year-to-year changes in the boreal carbon flux is to determine the annual variation in growing season length. Weapply imagery from the ERS spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radars (SARs) to estimate landscape freezekhaw dynamics over selected areas of the BOREAS region of Canada. A temporal series of freeze/thaw maps are derived that provide fractional estimates of frozen and thawed landscape. The inferred landscape freezehhaw state is validated against temperature measurements obtained from a distributed temperature monitoring network and from meteorological observations. We examine the relationships of radar-estimated thaw patterns with topography and landcover. SAR-derived timing ofspring thaw is comparred with initiation of streamflow. Ecological process models are used to estimate Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) and Net Primary Productivity (NPP) on the landscape scale. Model results are comparred with timing and spatial distribution of freeze and thaw events. As the timing of spring thaw is a major factor influencing the net annual cabon flux, we seek to incorportate the radar-based measure of landscape freezeithaw dynamics as direct input to ecological process models to provide a capability for improved ecosystem carbon flux estimates at regional scales using spaceborne rad

C–H-Bond Activation and Isoprene Polymerization Studies Applying Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl-Supported Rare-Earth-Metal Bis(Tetramethylaluminate) and Dimethyl Complexes

As previously shown for lutetium and yttrium, 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl (C5Me5 = Cp*)-bearing rare-earth metal dimethyl half-sandwich complexes [Cp*LnMe2]3 are now also accessible for holmium, dysprosium, and terbium via tetramethylaluminato cleavage of [Cp*Ln(AlMe4)2] with diethyl ether (Ho, Dy) and tert-butyl methyl ether (TBME) (Tb). C–H-bond activation and ligand redistribution reactions are observed in case of terbium and are dominant for the next larger-sized gadolinium, as evidenced by the formation of mixed methyl/methylidene clusters [(Cp*Ln)5(CH2)(Me)8] and metallocene dimers [Cp*2Ln(AlMe4)]2 (Ln = Tb, Gd). Applying TBME as a “cleaving” reagent can result in both TBME deprotonation and ether cleavage, as shown for the formation of the 24-membered macrocycle [(Cp*Gd)2(Me)(CH2OtBu)2(AlMe4)]4 or monolanthanum complex [Cp*La(AlMe4){Me3Al(CH2)OtBu}] and monoyttrium complex [Cp*Y(AlMe4)(Me3AlOtBu)], respectively. Complexes [Cp*Ln(AlMe4)2] (Ln = Ho, Dy, Tb, Gd) and [Cp*LnMe2]3 (Ln = Ho, Dy) are applied in isoprene and 1,3-butadiene polymerization, upon activation with borates [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] and [PhNHMe2][B(C6F5)4], as well as borane B(C6F5)3. The trans-directing effect of AlMe3 in the binary systems [Cp*Ln(AlMe4)2]/borate is revealed and further corroborated by the fabrication of high-cis-1,4 polybutadiene (97%) with “aluminum-free” [Cp*DyMe2]3/[Ph3C][B(C6F5)4]. The formation of multimetallic active species is supported by the polymerization activity of pre-isolated cluster [(Cp*Ho)3Me4(CH2)(thf)2].publishedVersio

Descent of Equivalences and Character Bijections

Categorical equivalences between block algebras of finite groups—such as Morita and derived equivalences—are well known to induce character bijections which commute with the Galois groups of field extensions. This is the motivation for attempting to realise known Morita and derived equivalences over non-splitting fields. This article presents various results on the theme of descent to appropriate subfields and subrings. We start with the observation that perfect isometries induced by a virtual Morita equivalence induce isomorphisms of centres in non-split situations and explain connections with Navarro’s generalisation of the Alperin–McKay conjecture. We show that Rouquier’s splendid Rickard complex for blocks with cyclic defect groups descends to the non-split case. We also prove a descent theorem for Morita equivalences with endopermutation source

Assessing long term effects of compost fertilization on soil fertility and nitrogen mineralization rate

Background: Fertilization with organic waste compost can close the nutrient cycles between urban and rural environments. However, its effect on yield and soil fertility must be investigated. Aim: This study investigated the long-term effect of compost on soil nutrient and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) concentration, nutrient budgets, and nitrogen (N) mineralization and efficiency. Methods: After 21 years of annual compost application (100/400 kg N ha–1 year–1 [100BC/400BC]) alone and combined with mineral fertilization, soil was analyzed for pH, organic carbon (SOC), nutrient (total N and P, Nmin, extractable CAL-P, CAL-K, and Mg), and PTE (Cu, Ni, Zn) concentrations. Yields were recorded and nutrient/PTE budgets and apparent netmineralization (ANM, only 2019) were calculated. Results:Nefficiency was the highest in maize and formineral fertilization. Compost application led to lower N efficiencies, but increased ANM, SOC, pH, and soil N, and surpluses of N, P, and all PTEs. Higher PTE concentrations were only found in 400BC for Cu. Nutrient budgets correlatedwith soil nutrient concentration. A surplus of 16.1 kg P ha–1 year–1 and 19.5 kgKha–1 year–1 resulted in 1mg kg–1 increase in CAL-P and CAL-K over 21 years. Conclusion: Compost application supplies nutrients to crops with a minor risk of soilaccumulation of PTEs. However, the nutrient stoichiometry provided by compost does not match crop offtakes causing imbalances. Synchronization of compost N mineralization and plant N demand does not match and limits the yield effect. In winter wheat only 65–70% of Nmineralization occurred during the growth period