Codebook and Documentation of the Panel Study ‘Labour Market and Social Security’ (PASS) : Datenreport Wave 3

"This wave-specific Datenreport aims to document the wave-related aspects of the study4. Following a short overview of the innovations and characteristics of the third wave (Chapter 1.3.), the key figures on samples and response rates of the third wave are reported (Chapter 2). Moreover, the steps of data preparation and the decisions made as part of this process are described (Chapter 5) and an overview of the variables generated is presented (Chapter 4). Additionally, the weighing procedure is presented (Chapter 6). The separate table reports list the frequencies of all variables included in the scientific use file that were recorded in wave 3, divided into their respective datasets (Volume II to Volume V)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) Additional Information Table report II table report III table report IV table report V Questionaires third wave working tools further information german version of this "Datenreport"IAB-Haushaltspanel, Datenaufbereitung, Datenorganisation, Datenzugang, Datenqualität, Datensatzbeschreibung, Erhebungsmethode, Stichprobe, personenbezogene Daten, private Haushalte, Alterssicherung

On the complexity of measuring forests microclimate and interpreting its relevance in habitat ecology : The example of IxodesIxodes ricinusricinus ticks

Abstract Background Ecological field research on the influence of meteorological parameters on a forest inhabiting species is confronted with the complex relations between measured data and the real conditions the species is exposed to. This study highlights this complexity for the example of Ixodes ricinus. This species lives mainly in forest habitats near the ground, but field research on impacts of meteorological conditions on population dynamics is often based on data from nearby official weather stations or occasional in situ measurements. In addition, studies use very different data approaches to analyze comparable research questions. This study is an extensive examination of the methodology used to analyze the impact of meteorological parameters on Ixodes ricinus and proposes a methodological approach that tackles the underlying complexity. Methods Our specifically developed measurement concept was implemented at 25 forest study sites across Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Meteorological weather stations recorded data in situ and continuously between summer 2012 and autumn 2015, including relative humidity measures in the litter layer and different heights above it (50 cm, 2 m). Hourly averages of relative humidity were calculated and compared with data from the nearest official weather station. Results Data measured directly in the forest can differ dramatically from conditions recorded at official weather stations. In general, data indicate a remarkable relative humidity decrease from inside to outside the forest and from ground to atmosphere. Relative humidity measured in the litter layer were, on average, 24% higher than the official data and were much more balanced, especially in summer. Conclusions The results illustrate the need for, and benefit of, continuous in situ measurements to grasp the complex relative humidity conditions in forests. Data from official weather stations do not accurately represent actual humidity conditions in forest stands and the explanatory power of short period and fragmentary in situ measurements is extremely limited. However, it is still an open question to what kind of meteorological data are necessary to answer specific questions in tick research. The comparison of research findings was hindered by the variety of information provided, which is why we propose details for future reporting

Spatio-temporal dynamics of aerosol distribution in an urban environment recorded in situ by means of a bike based monitoring system

Aerosol pollution in urban areas is highly variable due to numerous single emission sources such as automobiles, industrial and commercial activities as well as domestic heating, but also due to complex building structures redirecting air mass flows, producing leeward and windward turbulences and resuspension effects. In this publication, it is shown that one or even few aerosol monitoring sites are not able to reflect these complex patterns. In summer 2019, aerosol pollution was recorded in high spatial resolution during six night and daytime tours with a mobile sensor platform on a trailer pulled by a bicycle. Particle mass loadings showed a high variability with PM$_{10}$ values ranging from 1.3 to 221 μg m$^{-3}$ and PM$_{2.5}$ values from 0.7 to 69.0 μg m$^{-3}$. Geostatistics were used to calculate respective models of the spatial distributions of PM$_{2.5}$ and PM10. The resulting maps depict the variability of aerosol concentrations within the urban space. These spatial distribution models delineate the distributions without cutting out the built-up structures. Elsewise, the overall spatial patterns do not become visible because of being sharply interrupted by those cutouts in the resulting maps. Thus, the spatial maps allow to identify most affected urban areas and are not restricted to the street space. Furthermore, this method provides an insight to potentially affected areas, and thus can be used to develop counter measures. It is evident that the spatial aerosol patterns cannot be directly derived from the main wind direction, but result far more from an interplay between main wind direction, built-up patterns and distribution of pollution sources. Not all pollution sources are directly obvious and more research has to be carried out to explain the micro-scale variations of spatial aerosol distribution patterns. In addition, since aerosol load in the atmosphere is a severe issue for health and wellbeing of city residents more attention has to be paid to these local inhomogeneities

Variations of PM2.5 sources in the context of meteorology and seasonality at an urban street canyon in Southwest Germany

In order to assess the factors controlling urban air pollution, we characterized fine particulate matter (PM$_{2.5}$) at an urban street canyon in southwest Germany, in summer 2019 and winter 2020. The average mass concentration of PM$_{2.5}$ was higher in dry and hot summer (7.0 ± 3.5 μg m$^{−3}$) than in cold and humid winter (5.8 ± 2.8 μg m$^{−3}$) with frequent wet scavenging. The non-refractory PM$_{2.5}$ (NR-PM$_{2.5}$) measured with an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) plus black carbon (BC) mostly consists of organic aerosol (OA) with 60% in summer and 44% in winter. The contributions of sulfate to NR-PM$_{2.5}$ plus BC was higher in summer (18%) than in winter (13%), while that of nitrate was lower in summer (6%) than in winter (22%). During the entire measurement periods in both seasons, relatively flat diurnal variations of sulfate were found, suggesting that it was associated with regional transport. However, occasionally rapid increase of sulfate can be caused by the transport of upwind industrial sources and enhanced vertical mixing processes. Nitrate showed a peak at morning rush hours related to traffic emissions, and then subsequently decreased by evaporation processes during daytime with higher temperature. Positive matrix factorization analysis revealed that the total OA was dominated by secondary organic aerosol (SOA) over the primary traffic emissions with ~82% in summer and ~48% in winter. A detailed analysis of two pollution episodes clearly demonstrated the impact of meteorological conditions on secondary aerosol formation and accumulation. A summertime heatwave episode showed high contributions of SOA to PM$_{2.5}$ mass, which formed locally through daytime photochemical oxidation as well as nighttime chemistry of biogenic precursors. A wintertime transitional episode occurred with significant shift from relatively warm and humid to cold and dry conditions. The fast formation of sulfate, nitrate, ammonium and SOA were found under the warm and humid period after receiving a local industrial emission plume. The cold and dry period was influenced by various sources including long-range transport of Saharan dust and anthropogenic emissions in central Europe. This study highlights the variations of urban PM$_{2.5}$ sources under certain meteorological conditions such as summer heatwave and humid winter, which are expected high occurrence in future. Our results provide the implication on actual needs of mitigation actions to these pollution episodes in less-polluted western Europe cities

Chromophores and chemical composition of brown carbon characterized at an urban kerbside by excitation–emission spectroscopy and mass spectrometry

The optical properties, chemical composition, and potential chromophores of brown carbon (BrC) aerosol particles were studied during typical summertime and wintertime at a kerbside in downtown Karlsruhe, a city in central Europe. The average absorption coefficient and mass absorption efficiency at 365 nm (Abs365 and MAE365) of methanol-soluble BrC (MS-BrC) were lower in the summer period (1.6 ± 0.5 Mm−1, 0.5 ± 0.2 m2 g−1) than in the winter period (2.8 ± 1.9 Mm−1, 1.1 ± 0.3 m2 g−1). Using a parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis to identify chromophores, two different groups of highly oxygenated humic-like substances (HO-HULIS) dominated in summer and contributed 96 ± 6 % of the total fluorescence intensity. In contrast, less-oxygenated HULIS (LO-HULIS) dominated the total fluorescence intensity in winter with 57 ± 12 %, followed by HO-HULIS with 31 ± 18 %. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of organic compounds detected in real time by an online aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) led to five characteristic organic compound classes. The statistical analysis of PARAFAC components and PMF factors showed that LO-HULIS chromophores were most likely emitted from biomass burning in winter. HO-HULIS chromophores could be low-volatility oxygenated organic aerosol from regional transport and oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in summer. Five nitro-aromatic compounds (NACs) were identified by a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (C7H7O3N, C7H7O4N, C6H5O5N, C6H5O4N, and C6H5O3N), which contributed 0.03 ± 0.01 % to the total organic mass but can explain 0.3 ± 0.1 % of the total absorption of MS-BrC at 365 nm in winter. Furthermore, we identified 316 potential brown carbon molecules which accounted for 2.5 ± 0.6 % of the organic aerosol mass. Using an average mass absorption efficiency (MAE365) of 9.5 m2g−1 for these compounds, we can estimate their mean light absorption to be 1.2 ± 0.2 Mm−1, accounting for 32 ± 15 % of the total absorption of MS-BrC at 365 nm. This indicates that a small fraction of brown carbon molecules dominates the overall absorption. The potential BrC molecules assigned to the LO-HULIS component had a higher average molecular weight (265 ± 2 Da) and more nitrogen-containing molecules (62 ± 1 %) than the molecules assigned to the HO-HULIS components. Our analysis shows that the LO-HULIS, with a high contribution of nitrogen-containing molecules originating from biomass burning, dominates aerosol fluorescence in winter, and HO-HULIS, with fewer nitrogen-containing molecules as low-volatility oxygenated organic aerosol from regional transport and oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC), dominates in summer

Codebuch und Dokumentation des 'Panel Arbeitsmarkt und soziale Sicherung' (PASS) : Welle 3 (2008/2009)

"Dieser Datenreport gibt einen Überblick über die dritte Befragungswelle des Panels 'Arbeitsmarkt und soziale Sicherung' (PASS), für die zwischen Dezember 2008 und August 2009 13.439 Personen in 9.535 Haushalten befragt wurden. Mit dem vorliegenden Datenreport der 3. Welle wurde erstmalig der Report in zwei Bestandteile aufgeteilt: 1. der wellenspezifische Datenreport (inkl. Codebuch) und 2. der wellenübergreifende User Guide. Der vorliegende Datenreport soll die wellenbezogenen Aspekte der Studie dokumentieren. Nach einem Kurzüberblick zu den Neuerungen und Besonderheiten der 3. Welle (Kapitel 1.3) werden die zentralen Kennzahlen zu Stichprobe und Ausschöpfungsquoten der 3. Welle berichtet (Kapitel 2). Weiterhin werden die Schritte der Datenaufbereitung und die dabei getroffenen Entscheidungen erläutert (Kapitel 5) sowie ein Überblick über die generierten Variablen gegeben (Kapitel 4). Zusätzlich wird das Gewichtungsverfahren vorgestellt (Kapitel 6). In den gesonderten Tabellenbänden werden die Häufigkeiten aller im Scientific Use File enthaltenen Variablen, unterteilt nach den jeweiligen Datensätzen, aufgelistet, die in Welle 3 erhoben wurden (Band II bis Band V)." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku) Additional Information Tabellenband II: Haushaltsdatensatz Tabellenband III: Personendatensatz Tabellenband IV: Spelldaten, Registerdaten und Gewichte Tabellenband V: Altersvorsorgedaten Fragebögen der 3. Welle Weitere Informationen zum Panel "Arbeitsmarkt und soziale Sicherung".IAB-Haushaltspanel, Datenaufbereitung, Datenorganisation, Datenzugang, Datenqualität, Datensatzbeschreibung, Erhebungsmethode, Stichprobe, personenbezogene Daten, private Haushalte, Alterssicherung

Codebuch und Dokumentation des 'Panel Arbeitsmarkt und soziale Sicherung' (PASS) : Band I: Datenreport Welle 4

"Dieser Datenreport gibt einen Überblick über die vierte Befragungswelle des "Panel Arbeitsmarkt und soziale Sicherung - PASS", für die zwischen Februar 2010 und September 2010 11.768 Personen in 7.848 Haushalten befragt wurden. Darunter befanden sich 10.049 Personen und 6.945 Haushalte mit denen bereits zum wiederholten Mal ein Interview im Rahmen von PASS geführt. Der vorliegende wellenspezifische Datenreport der 4. Welle dokumentiert die wellenbezogenen Aspekte der Studie. Nach einem Kurzüberblick zu den Neuerungen und Besonderheiten der 4. Welle (Kapitel 1.3) werden die zentralen Kennzahlen zu Stichprobe und Ausschöpfungsquoten der 4. Welle berichtet (Kapitel 2). Weiterhin werden die Schritte der Datenaufbereitung und die dabei getroffenen Entscheidungen erläutert (Kapitel 5) sowie ein Überblick über die generierten Variablen gegeben (Kapitel 4). Zusätzlich wird das Gewichtungsverfahren vorgestellt (Kapitel 6). In den gesonderten Tabellenbänden werden die Häufigkeiten aller im Scientific Use File enthaltenen Variablen, unterteilt nach den jeweiligen Datensätzen, aufgelistet, die in Welle 4 erhoben wurden (Band II bis Band V)." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)<br><br><b>Additional Information</b><ul><li><a href='http://doku.iab.de/fdz/reporte/2011/DR_08-11_II.pdf'>Band II: Haushaltsdatensatz (HHENDAT)</a></li><li><a href='http://doku.iab.de/fdz/reporte/2011/DR_08-11_III.pdf'>Band III: Personendatensatz (PENDAT)</a></li><li><a href='http://doku.iab.de/fdz/reporte/2011/DR_08-11_IV.pdf'>Band IV: Spelldaten, Registerdaten, Gewichte</a></li></ul>IAB-Haushaltspanel, Datenaufbereitung, Datenorganisation, Datenzugang, Datenqualität, Datensatzbeschreibung, Erhebungsmethode, Stichprobe, personenbezogene Daten, private Haushalte, Alterssicherung

Estimating Ixodes ricinus densities on the landscape scale

Background: The study describes the estimation of the spatial distribution of questing nymphal tick densities by investigating Ixodes ricinus in Southwest Germany as an example. The production of high-resolution maps of quest-ing tick densities is an important key to quantify the risk of tick-borne diseases. Previous I. ricinus maps were based on quantitative as well as semi-quantitative categorisations of the tick density observed at study sites with differ-ent vegetation types or indices, all compiled on local scales. Here, a quantitative approach on the landscape scale is introduced. Methods: During 2 years, 2013 and 2014, host-seeking ticks were collected each month at 25 sampling sites by flag-ging an area of 100 square meters. All tick stages were identified to species level to select nymphal ticks of I. ricinus, which were used to develop and calibrate Poisson regression models. The environmental variables height above sea level, temperature, relative humidity, saturation deficit and land cover classification were used as explanatory variables. Results: The number of flagged nymphal tick densities range from zero (mountain site) to more than 1,000 nymphs/100 m2. Calibrating the Poisson regression models with these nymphal densities results in an explained variance of 72 % and a prediction error of 110 nymphs/100 m2 in 2013. Generally, nymphal densities (maximum 37