Morphological regions and oblique incidence dot formation in a model of surface sputtering

We study solid surface morphology created by off-normal ion-beam sputtering with an atomistic, solid-on-solid model of sputter erosion. With respect to an earlier version of the model, we extend this model with the inclusion of lateral erosion. Using the 2-dimensional structure factor, we found an upper bound $\mu\simeq 2$, in the lateral straggle $\mu$, for clear ripple formation. Above this upper bound, for longitudinal straggle $\sigma\gtrsim 1.7$, we found the possibility of dot formation (without sample rotation). Moreover, a temporal crossover from a hole topography to ripple topography with the same value of collision cascade parameters was found. Finally, a scaling analysis of the roughness, using the consecutive gradient approach, yields the growth exponents $\beta=0.33$ and 0.67 for two different topographic regimes.Comment: 8 pages, 14 figure

Analisa Migrasi Sistem Dari Microsoft Dynamics Axapta

PT. X is a distributor of motorcycle that also sells motorcycle parts located in Surabaya. The sales process conducted by PT. X until present is the user come to seller, then makess an order. PT. X doesn't have a website to sell online so PT. X only has customers around the Surabaya.PT. X has a website that contains about the profile companies and motor cycle products along specification. PT. X using applications ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) system based on Microsoft is Microsoft Dynamics Axapta. PT. X initially used with Oracle-based ERP application and in 2014 switched to Microsoft Dynamics Axapta. These application selected by PT. X as in the company using the Microsoft platform that easily integrated with other Microsoft Office and modules contained in Microsoft Dynamics Axapta easy for custom so that it can adapt to needs of company and business processes PT. X

Junction formation by Zn(O,S) sputtering yields CIGSe-based cells with efficiencies exceeding 18%

In an effort to reduce the complexity and associated production costs of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe)-based solar cells, the commonly used sputtered undoped ZnO layer has been modified to eliminate the requirement for a dedicated buffer layer. After replacing the ZnO target with a mixed ZnO/ZnS target, efficient solar cells could be prepared by sputtering directly onto the as- grown CIGSe surface. This approach has now been tested with high-quality lab- scale glass/Mo/CIGSe substrates. An efficiency of 18.3% has been independently confirmed without any post-deposition annealing or light soaking

Water oxidation with cobalt-loaded linear conjugated polymer photocatalysts

The first examples of linear conjugated organic polymer photocatalysts that produce oxygen from water after loading with cobalt and in the presence of an electron scavenger are reported. The oxygen evolution rates, which are higher than for related organic materials, can be rationalized by a combination of the thermodynamic driving force for water oxidation, the light absorption of the polymer, and the aqueous dispersibility of the relatively hydrophilic polymer particles. We also used transient absorption spectroscopy to study the best performing system and we found that fast oxidative quenching of the exciton occurs (picoseconds) in the presence of an electron scavenger, minimizing recombination

Leveraging population admixture to characterize the heritability of complex traits.

Despite recent progress on estimating the heritability explained by genotyped SNPs (h(2)g), a large gap between h(2)g and estimates of total narrow-sense heritability (h(2)) remains. Explanations for this gap include rare variants or upward bias in family-based estimates of h(2) due to shared environment or epistasis. We estimate h(2) from unrelated individuals in admixed populations by first estimating the heritability explained by local ancestry (h(2)γ). We show that h(2)γ = 2FSTCθ(1 - θ)h(2), where FSTC measures frequency differences between populations at causal loci and θ is the genome-wide ancestry proportion. Our approach is not susceptible to biases caused by epistasis or shared environment. We applied this approach to the analysis of 13 phenotypes in 21,497 African-American individuals from 3 cohorts. For height and body mass index (BMI), we obtained h(2) estimates of 0.55 ± 0.09 and 0.23 ± 0.06, respectively, which are larger than estimates of h(2)g in these and other data but smaller than family-based estimates of h(2)

Photocatalytic overall water splitting under visible light enabled by a particulate conjugated polymer loaded with iridium

Polymer photocatalysts have received growing attention in recent years for photocatalytic hydrogen production from water. Most studies report hydrogen production with sacrificial electron donors, which is unsuitable for large-scale hydrogen energy production. Here we show that the palladium/iridium oxide-loaded homopolymer of dibenzo[b,d]thiophene sulfone (P10) facilitates overall water splitting to produce stoichiometric amounts of H2 and O2 for an extended period (>60 hours) after the system stabilized. These results demonstrate that conjugated polymers can act as single component photocatalytic systems for overall water splitting when loaded with suitable co-catalysts, albeit currently with low activities. Transient spectroscopy shows that the IrO2 co-catalyst plays an important role in the generation of the charge separated state required for water splitting, with evidence for fast hole transfer to the co-catalyst

Proximity to Sports Facilities and Sports Participation for Adolescents in Germany

Objectives - To assess the relationship between proximity to specific sports facilities and participation in the corresponding sports activities for adolescents in Germany. Methods - A sample of 1,768 adolescents aged 11–17 years old and living in 161 German communities was examined. Distances to the nearest sports facilities were calculated as an indicator of proximity to sports facilities using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Participation in specific leisure-time sports activities in sports clubs was assessed using a self-report questionnaire and individual-level socio-demographic variables were derived from a parent questionnaire. Community-level socio-demographics as covariates were selected from the INKAR database, in particular from indicators and maps on land development. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between proximity to the nearest sports facilities and participation in the corresponding sports activities. Results - The logisitic regression analyses showed that girls residing longer distances from the nearest gym were less likely to engage in indoor sports activities; a significant interaction between distances to gyms and level of urbanization was identified. Decomposition of the interaction term showed that for adolescent girls living in rural areas participation in indoor sports activities was positively associated with gym proximity. Proximity to tennis courts and indoor pools was not associated with participation in tennis or water sports, respectively. Conclusions - Improved proximity to gyms is likely to be more important for female adolescents living in rural areas

Representational oligonucleotide microarray analysis: A high-resolution method to detect genome copy number variation

We have developed a methodology we call ROMA (representational oligonucleotide microarray analysis), for the detection of the genomic aberrations in cancer and normal humans. By arraying oligonucleoticle probes designed from the human genome sequence, and hybridizing with "representations" from cancer and normal cells, we detect regions of the genome with altered "copy number." We achieve an average resolution of 30 kb throughout the genome, and resolutions as high as a probe every 15 kb are practical. We illustrate the characteristics of probes on the array and accuracy of measurements obtained using ROMA. Using this methodology, we identify variation between cancer and normal genomes, as well as between normal human genomes. In cancer genomes, we readily detect amplifications and large and small homozygous and hemizygous deletions. Between normal human genomes, we frequently detect large (100 kb to I Mb) deletions or duplications. Many of these changes encompass known genes. ROMA will assist in the discovery of genes and markers important in cancer, and the discovery of loci that may be important in inherited predispositions to disease