Vascular plants near the margins of their range in Cedarburg Bog. Part 1. Gymnosperms and Monocots

Marginal populations are those located at the extreme or periphery of a species\u27 range. In the context of this paper, marginal populations refer to a geographical periphery rather than to possible ecological margins. A wide ranging species may be composed of several different varieties or ecotypes. Marginal populations of plants are of special interest to plant taxonomists, ecologists, ecological geneticists and biogeographers because they may exhibit different characteristics than more centrally located populations. This is likely because plants at the boundaries of their species\u27 range may experience extreme ecological conditions beyond which they cannot survive

Vascular plants near the margins of their range in Cedarburg Bog. Part II. Dicots

There are two species of gymnosperms and 18 monocots that are near the southern edge of their geographic range in Cedarburg Bog (Reinartz and Reinartz 1981). Six of these may actually reach their range boundary in the bog. Nine species of the Cyperaceae and seven Orchidaceae comprise the bulk of the monocot species that are near their southern limits. The purpose of this paper is to provide an annotated listing of dicot species which have geographically marginal populations in Cedarburg Bog

The Order Calculation in the Engineering Company

Import 23/07/2015Diplomová práce je zpracovávána ve společnosti Hagemann a.s. Celá práce se zabývá kalkulací veřejné zakázky Ministerstva vnitra ČR na dodání speciálně upravených policejních vozidel pro monitoring reálných hrozeb. Diplomová práce je rozdělena na dvě základní části, a to teoretickou část a praktickou část. První z částí je popsána problematika veřejných zakázek a hospodářská činnost v podniku. V druhé části je proveden rozbor předmětu veřejné zakázky. Dále byl zpracován návrh postupu plnění zakázky v prostorách společnosti, na které navazuje cenová kalkulace. V závěru práce jsou výsledky práce vyhodnoceny.Master thesis is processed in the company Hagemann a.s. The thesis deals with the calculation of public procurement from Ministry of the Interior to supply police vehicles specially adapted for monitoring real threats. The thesis is divided into two parts, the theoretical and practical part. The first part describes the issue of public procurement and economic activities in the company. The second part is analyzing subject of the contract. Further was processed a proposal for the execution of the contract in the company's premises, which is followed by a calculation and types of costs. In conclusion, the results of the work are evaluated.345 - Katedra mechanické technologievýborn

Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas

The rapid disruption of tropical forests probably imperils global biodiversity more than any other contemporary phenomenon¹⁻³. With deforestation advancing quickly, protected areas are increasingly becoming final refuges for threatened species and natural ecosystem processes. However, many protected areas in the tropics are themselves vulnerable to human encroachment and other environmental stresses⁴⁻⁹. As pressures mount, it is vital to know whether existing reserves can sustain their biodiversity. A critical constraint in addressing this question has been that data describing a broad array of biodiversity groups have been unavailable for a sufficiently large and representative sample of reserves. Here we present a uniquely comprehensive data set on changes over the past 20 to 30 years in 31 functional groups of species and 21 potential drivers of environmental change, for 60 protected areas stratified across the world’s major tropical regions. Our analysis reveals great variation in reserve ‘health’: about half of all reserves have been effective or performed passably, but the rest are experiencing an erosion of biodiversity that is often alarmingly widespread taxonomically and functionally. Habitat disruption, hunting and forest-product exploitation were the strongest predictors of declining reserve health. Crucially, environmental changes immediately outside reserves seemed nearly as important as those inside in determining their ecological fate, with changes inside reserves strongly mirroring those occurring around them. These findings suggest that tropical protected areas are often intimately linked ecologically to their surrounding habitats, and that a failure to stem broad-scale loss and degradation of such habitats could sharply increase the likelihood of serious biodiversity declines.Keywords: Ecology, Environmental scienc

The mitochondrial ancestor of bonobos and the origin of their major haplogroups

We report here where the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of bonobos (Pan paniscus) ranged and how they dispersed throughout their current habitat. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecular dating to analyze the time to MRCA (TMRCA) and the major mtDNA haplogroups of wild bonobos were performed using new estimations of divergence time of bonobos from other Pan species to investigate the dispersal routes of bonobos over the forest area of the Congo River’s left bank. The TMRCA of bonobos was estimated to be 0.64 or 0.95 million years ago (Ma). Six major haplogroups had very old origins of 0.38 Ma or older. The reconstruction of the ancestral area revealed the mitochondrial ancestor of the bonobo populations ranged in the eastern area of the current bonobos’ habitat. The haplogroups may have been formed from either the riparian forests along the Congo River or the center of the southern Congo Basin. Fragmentation of the forest refugia during the cooler periods may have greatly affected the formation of the genetic structure of bonobo populations

Genetic Structure of Wild Bonobo Populations: Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA and Geographical Distribution

<div><p>Bonobos (<i>Pan paniscus</i>) inhabit regions south of the Congo River including all areas between its southerly tributaries. To investigate the genetic diversity and evolutionary relationship among bonobo populations, we sequenced mitochondrial DNA from 376 fecal samples collected in seven study populations located within the eastern and western limits of the species’ range. In 136 effective samples from different individuals (range: 7–37 per population), we distinguished 54 haplotypes in six clades (A1, A2, B1, B2, C, D), which included a newly identified clade (D). MtDNA haplotypes were regionally clustered; 83 percent of haplotypes were locality-specific. The distribution of haplotypes across populations and the genetic diversity within populations thus showed highly geographical patterns. Using population distance measures, seven populations were categorized in three clusters: the east, central, and west cohorts. Although further elucidation of historical changes in the geological setting is required, the geographical patterns of genetic diversity seem to be shaped by paleoenvironmental changes during the Pleistocene. The present day riverine barriers appeared to have a weak effect on gene flow among populations, except for the Lomami River, which separates the TL2 population from the others. The central cohort preserves a high genetic diversity, and two unique clades of haplotypes were found in the Wamba/Iyondji populations in the central cohort and in the TL2 population in the eastern cohort respectively. This knowledge may contribute to the planning of bonobo conservation.</p> </div

Genetic diversity for each cohort.

<p>Genetic diversity for each cohort.</p

Calculations of AIC using GLM for single factor models.

<p>F_ST was used as a response variable and Gaussian (identity) was used as a family (link function). Signs in parenthesis mean direction to increase F_ST.</p