Reshaping America: society and institutions, 1945-1960

(print) xii, 403 p. ; 24 cmIntroduction ix -- PART ONE. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CHANGE -- Families, Children, and the State, by Robert H. Bremner 3 -- The Survival of American Feminism: The Women's Movement in the Postwar Period, by Leila J. Rupp 33 -- The Civil Rights Revolution, 1945-1960: The Gods Bring Threads to Webs Begun, by William H. Chafe 67 -- American Business in the Postwar Era, by Arthur M. Johnson 101 -- American Workers, the Labor Movement, and the Cold War, 1945-1960, by John Barnard 115 -- Rural America in an Urban Age, 1945-1960, by Thomas E. Williams 147 -- Visions of Classlessness, Quests for Dominion: American Popular Culture, 1945-1960, by Roland Marchand 163 -- PART TWO. PUBLIC PROBLEMS AND PUBLIC POLICY -- Poverty and Welfare in America, 1945-1960, by James T. Patterson 193 -- Education: Schools as Crucible in Cold War America, by Ronald Lora 22

The effect of pH, grain size, and organic ligands on biotite weathering rates

Biotite dissolution rates were determined at 25 °C, at pH 2–6, and as a function of mineral composition, grain size, and aqueous organic ligand concentration. Rates were measured using both open- and closed-system reactors in fluids of constant ionic strength. Element release was non-stoichiometric and followed the general trend of Fe, Mg > Al > Si. Biotite surface area normalised dissolution rates (ri) in the acidic range, generated from Si release, are consistent with the empirical rate law: ri=kH,iaxiH+ where kH,i refers to an apparent rate constant, aH+ designates the activity of protons, and xi stands for a reaction order with respect to protons. Rate constants range from 2.15 × 10−10 to 30.6 × 10−10 (molesbiotite m−2 s−1) with reaction orders ranging from 0.31 to 0.58. At near-neutral pH in the closed-system experiments, the release of Al was stoichiometric compared to Si, but Fe was preferentially retained in the solid phase, possibly as a secondary phase. Biotite dissolution was highly spatially anisotropic with its edges being ∼120 times more reactive than its basal planes. Low organic ligand concentrations slightly enhanced biotite dissolution rates. These measured rates illuminate mineral–fluid–organism chemical interactions, which occur in the natural environment, and how organic exudates enhance nutrient mobilisation for microorganism acquisition

American issues : a documentary reader

xvii, 494 p. : ill. ; 24 cm