A global look at time: a 24-country study of the equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory

In this article, we assess the structural equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) across 26 samples from 24 countries (N = 12,200). The ZTPI is proven to be a valid and reliable index of individual differences in time perspective across five temporal categories: Past Negative, Past Positive, Present Fatalistic, Present Hedonistic, and Future. We obtained evidence for invariance of 36 items (out of 56) and also the five-factor structure of ZTPI across 23 countries. The short ZTPI scales are reliable for country-level analysis, whereas we recommend the use of the full scales for individual-level analysis. The short version of ZTPI will further promote integration of research in the time perspective domain in relation to many different psycho-social processes

Time perspective : theory, measure and impact in the stress

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Psicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Social das Organizações e do Trabalho, 2014.A presente tese está inserida no campo da Psicologia do Tempo. O objetivo geral foi investigar o construto perspectiva de tempo (PT), seu desenvolvimento e medida em relação à sua validação e adequação para realidade brasileira. Primeiramente foi realizada uma extensiva análise da literatura, os modelos conceituais e os instrumentos de medição. Dois estudos empíricos foram realizados. O Estudo I, de validação Inventário de Perspectiva de Tempo do Zimbardo (ZTPI) com 1.965 participantes com idade de 12 a 86 anos, utilizando análise fatorial exploratória e confirmatória e a análise de Teoria de Resposta ao Item possibilitou a calibração do instrumento que apresentou uma estrutura com 52 itens distribuídos em oito fatores: passado-positivo, passado-negativo-infortúnio, passado-negativo-remorso, presente-fatalista, presente-hedonista-emoção, presente-hedonista-curtição, futuro-responsabilidade e futuro-pontualidade. Os oito fatores não se agruparam como esperado teoricamente dentro dos três quadros temporais, ou seja, passado, presente e futuro, mas em três dimensões de atitude diante do tempo: hedonismo, compromisso e desespero. No Estudo II foi avaliado o papel da PT na instalação do estresse e como moderador da relação entre estresse, organização de tempo e outros indicadores de estresse, em uma amostra de 326 trabalhadores de vários setores, com idade entre 18 e 66 anos (M = 33,46, DP=10,38). A principal conclusão do estudo é que a PT e organização de tempo têm influencia em uma medida de estresse, com um peso maior do que preditores clássicos, como o sexo e tipo de trabalho. A importância do desenvolvimento de linhas de pesquisa centradas na investigação da PT é aqui enfatizada. E, mais especificamente, aponta para a continuação do processo de normatização do ZTPI, para que este se consagre um instrumento de medida psicológica válido. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThis dissertation is embedded in the field of Psychology of Time. The overall objective was to investigate the construct of Time Perspective (TP), its development and measure with validation and adaptation to Brazilian reality. First, an extensive literature review of conceptual models and measurement instruments was performed. Two empirical studies were conducted. Study I, Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) Validation with 1,965 participants, ages 12-86 years, using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and analysis of item response theory enabled the calibration of the instrument that revealed a structure with 52 items divided into eight factors: past-positive, past-negative-misfortune, past-negative-remorse, present-fatalistic, present-hedonistic-excitement, present-hedonistic-enjoyment, future- responsibility and future-punctuality. These eight factors didn´t grouped into three time frame: past, present and future, but into three dimensional attitudes in relation to time: hedonism, engagement and despair. Study II evaluated the role of stress in TP installation and as a moderator of the relationship between stress, time organization and other stress indicators in a sample of 326 workers from various sectors, ages 18 to 66 years (M = 33.46, SD = 10.38). The main conclusion is that TP and organization of time influence the measure of stress, with a greater weight than traditional predictors, such as gender and job type. The importance of developing lines of research focused on the investigation of TP is here emphasized. And more specifically, it points to further standardization of ZTPI process for developing a valid psychological measurement instrument

Estudo de validação do Inventário de Perspectiva de Tempo do Zimbardo

Two studies using Brazilian samples were conducted to contribute to the validation of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory - ZTPI for Brazil. The first study worked with 1528 college students, with average age of 19.8 years (SD= 1.8), that answered a translated version of the ZTPI, 51.9 % of which were male. The second study worked with 1047 subjects, with average age of 25.11 years (SD = 9.62), 61.8 % of which were female, that answered an adapted version. The stability of the structure of the five constructs measured by the ZTPI was estimated identical among the two samples and the original study. These studies identified the temporal perspective as a valid construct in the Brazilian culture. Two versions of the ZTPI are proposed: an integral version and a substantially adapted version, both of which could be used as they are, or be reexamined in future studies. We discuss the areas of investigation, application and conceptualization of constructs, mainly, those of present and future.Dois estudos, usando amostras brasileiras, foram conduzidos para contribuir para validação do Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory - ZTPI no Brasil. No estudo 1, 528 universitários, idade média de 19,8 (DP = 1,8), sendo 51,9 % homens, responderam a uma versão traduzida na íntegra do ZTPI. Já, no estudo 2, com 1.047 participantes, idade média de 25,11 (DP = 9,62) anos, sendo 61,8 % mulheres, foi utilizada uma versão do ZTPI adaptada. Foi atestada a estabilidade da estrutura dos construtos medidos pelo ZTPI em cinco subescalas apreciavelmente idênticas nas duas amostras deste estudo e na original, identificando a perspectiva temporal como um construto válido na cultura brasileira. Propõem-se duas versões para o ZTPI, uma na íntegra e outra com adaptações substanciais, podendo estas serem reexaminadas e utilizadas em uma das duas formas em futuras pesquisas. São discutidas as áreas de investigação, aplicação e a conceituação do construto, principalmente, presente e futuro

A global look at time: a 24-country study of the equivalence of the Zimbardo time perspective inventory

In this article, we assess the structural equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) across 26 samples from 24 countries (N = 12,200). The ZTPI is proven to be a valid and reliable index of individual differences in time perspective across five temporal categories: Past Negative, Past Positive, Present Fatalistic, Present Hedonistic, and Future. We obtained evidence for invariance of 36 items (out of 56) and also the five-factor structure of ZTPI across 23 countries. The short ZTPI scales are reliable for country-level analysis, whereas we recommend the use of the full scales for individual-level analysis. The short version of ZTPI will further promote integration of research in the time perspective domain in relation to many different psycho-social processes

A global look at time: a 24-country study of the Equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory

In this article, we assess the structural equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) across 26 samples from 24 countries (N = 12,200). The ZTPI is proven to be a valid and reliable index of individual differences in time perspective across five temporal categories: Past Negative, Past Positive, Present Fatalistic, Present Hedonistic, and Future. We obtained evidence for invariance of 36 items (out of 56) and also the five-factor structure of ZTPI across 23 countries. The short ZTPI scales are reliable for country-level analysis, whereas we recommend the use of the full scales for individual-level analysis. The short version of ZTPI will further promote integration of research in the time perspective domain in relation to many different psycho-social processes

Time perspective profiles of cultures

This chapter summarises some results of the International Time Perspective Research Project, which is a collaborative cross-cultural study of time perspective carried out in 24 countries. The highlights of structural equivalence assessment study are presented, showing the cross-cultural invariance of 36 items of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) scale. The associations between country-level ZTPI scores and other culture-level indicators, including the Human Development Index and Hofstede cultural dimensions, are presented and discussed. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, five distinct profiles of time perspective were found (future-oriented, present-oriented, balanced, moderately fatalistic, and negative), and significant differences in the prevalence of these profiles across cultures were found. Implications and perspectives for future research are discussed

A Global Look at Time

International audienc

A Global Look at Time

International audienc