Effect of plot size and plant spatial arrangement on the efficiency of family selection in sugarcane

The purpose of this study was to identify the ideal sample size representing a family in its potential, to identify superior families and, in parallel, determine in which spatial arrangement they may have a better accuracy in the selection of new varieties of sugarcane. For such purpose, five families of full-sibs were evaluated, each with 360 individuals, in the randomized blocks design, with three replications in three different spacing among plants in the row (50 cm, 75 cm, and 100 cm) and 150 cm between the rows. To determine the ideal sample size, as well as the better spacing for evaluation, the bootstrap method was adopted. It was observed that 100 cm spacings provided the best average for the stalk numbers, stalk diameter and for estimated weight of stalks in the stool. The spacing of 75 cm between the plants allowed a better power of discrimination among the families for all characters evaluated. At this 75 cm spacing  was also possible to identify superior families with a sample of 30 plants each plot and 3 reps in the trial. Highlights The bootstrap method was efficient to determine the ideal sample size, as well as the best spacing for evaluation. The 75-cm spacing had the highest power of discrimination among families, indicating that this spacing is the most efficient in evaluating sugarcane families for selection purposes. From all the results and considering selective accuracy as the guiding parameter for decision making, the highest values obtained considering the number of stalks and weight of stalks in the stools were found at the 75-cm spacing.The purpose of this study was to identify the ideal sample size representing a family in its potential, to identify superior families and, in parallel, determine in which spatial arrangement they may have a better accuracy in the selection of new varieties of sugarcane. For such purpose, five families of full-sibs were evaluated, each with 360 individuals, in the randomized blocks design, with three replications in three different spacing among plants in the row (50 cm, 75 cm, and 100 cm) and 150 cm between the rows. To determine the ideal sample size, as well as the better spacing for evaluation, the bootstrap method was adopted. It was observed that 100 cm spacings provided the best average for the stalk numbers, stalk diameter and for estimated weight of stalks in the stool. The spacing of 75 cm between the plants allowed a better power of discrimination among the families for all characters evaluated. At this 75 cm spacing  was also possible to identify superior families with a sample of 30 plants each plot and 3 reps in the trial. Highlights The bootstrap method was efficient to determine the ideal sample size, as well as the best spacing for evaluation. The 75-cm spacing had the highest power of discrimination among families, indicating that this spacing is the most efficient in evaluating sugarcane families for selection purposes. From all the results and considering selective accuracy as the guiding parameter for decision making, the highest values obtained considering the number of stalks and weight of stalks in the stools were found at the 75-cm spacing

Resistance to Meloidogyne enterolobii in sweet potatoes

The present work was designed to select for sweet potatoes clones (Ipomoea batatas) resistant to Meloidogyne enterolobii (Syn. M. mayaguensis) as well as evaluate the efficiency of the selection methods used by estimating their genetic (VCg) and environmental (VCe) variation coefficients as well as broad sense heritability. A total of 142 sweet potato genotypes were tested, including four commercial varieties (Brazlândia Rosada, Brazlândia Roxa, Brazlândia Branca, and Palmas) as well as the Santa Clara tomato cultivar (utilized as a susceptibility standard). The experimental design was completely randomized blocks, in two repetitions of six plants each. Resistance levels were classified according to the numbers of eggs per gram of roots, the reproduction factor (RF), and the reproduction index (RI) relative to the Santa Clara tomato cultivar. The b= VCg/VCe ratio and broad sense heritability were high in terms of the numbers of eggs per gram of roots, as well as in terms of the reproduction factor and reproduction index, demonstrating the efficiency of the methodology used in the selection of resistant genotypes. Thirty-one sweet potato genotypes resistant to M. enterolobii were identified as having significant potential for continuing the breeding program.The present work was designed to select for sweet potatoes clones (Ipomoea batatas) resistant to Meloidogyne enterolobii (Syn. M. mayaguensis) as well as evaluate the efficiency of the selection methods used by estimating their genetic (VCg) and environmental (VCe) variation coefficients as well as broad sense heritability. A total of 142 sweet potato genotypes were tested, including four commercial varieties (Brazlândia Rosada, Brazlândia Roxa, Brazlândia Branca, and Palmas) as well as the Santa Clara tomato cultivar (utilized as a susceptibility standard). The experimental design was completely randomized blocks, in two repetitions of six plants each. Resistance levels were classified according to the numbers of eggs per gram of roots, the reproduction factor (RF), and the reproduction index (RI) relative to the Santa Clara tomato cultivar. The b= VCg/VCe ratio and broad sense heritability were high in terms of the numbers of eggs per gram of roots, as well as in terms of the reproduction factor and reproduction index, demonstrating the efficiency of the methodology used in the selection of resistant genotypes. Thirty-one sweet potato genotypes resistant to M. enterolobii were identified as having significant potential for continuing the breeding program

Coloração e conservação pós-colheita de frutos de tomateiro influenciadas pelos alelos ogc, norA e rin

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the mutant alleles alcobaça (norA), ripening inhibitor (rin), and old gold crimson (ogc), in heterozygosity or homozygosity, on the expression of color and on the postharvest quality of fruit of experimental tomato hybrids. Fourteen hybrids with contrasting genotypic constitutions in the norA, rin, and ogc loci were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The following fruit postharvest quality traits were evaluated: firmness in the breaker stage, color, and soluble solids content. The rin+/rin and nor+/norA genotypes increased firmness of tomato fruit at harvest (breaker stage). The rin+/rin genotypes displayed the worst internal fruit color. There was a positive effect of ogc+/ogc in improving the internal color of rin+/rin and nor+/norA fruit, making the color similar to that of the normal genotypes. The combination of the ogc/ogc rin+/rin nor+/norA genes is effective to improve tomato fruit firmness, besides maintaining or improving internal color. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos promovidos pelos alelos mutantes alcobaça (norA), ripening inhibitor (rin) e old gold crimson (ogc), em heterozigose ou homozigose, na expressão da coloração e da conservação pós-colheita de frutos de híbridos experimentais de tomateiro. Quatorze híbridos com contituições genotípicas contrastantes entre si nos locos norA, rin e ogc foram avaliados em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. As seguintes características de qualidade pós-colheita dos frutos foram avaliadas: firmeza no estádio de amadurecimento incipiente, coloração e teor de sólidos solúveis. Os genótipos rin+/rin e nor+/norA condicionaram a maior firmeza dos frutos de tomate no ponto de colheita (estádio de amadurecimento incipiente). Os genótipos rin+/rin apresentaram as piores colorações internas de frutos. Houve efeito positivo de ogc+/ogc na melhoria da coloração interna dos frutos rin+/rin e nor+/norA, que tornou a coloração semelhante à dos genótipos normais. A combinação dos genes ogc/ogc rin+/rin nor+/norA é eficiente para melhorar a firmeza dos frutos de tomate, além de manter ou melhorar a coloração interna.

ESTILO DE VIDA ATIVO E INDICADORES DA SAÚDE E QUALIDADE DE VIDA EM IDOSOS

Lifestyle is composed of changeable behaviors, which is characterized as a set of habits, routines and choices that are positive and negative experienced by people throughout life. Objective: To highlight the active lifestyle as an indicator of health and quality of life in the elderly. Methods: This is an integrative literature review, carried out in the following databases: Virtual Health Library (VHL), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and Google Scholar, using the following specific descriptors that are related to or part of the focus of the construct, such as: "lifestyle", "level of physical activity", "lifestyle and level of physical activity", "lifestyle in the elderly", "level of physical activity in the elderly" and "physical exercise and lifestyle in the elderly" were used for this purpose only original scientific articles published in Brazil in the last 10 years. The data were organized according to the similarity of the theme in question and gathered in chronological order. Results: Out of a total of 30 publications found, 06 articles met the proposed objectives. In the studies analyzed, it was identified that elderly people who maintain an active lifestyle have higher quality of life indexes. Considerations: Finally, physical exercise contributes in a favorable and significant way, thus favoring a healthier and safer aging. It is possible to improve the quality of life of the elderly, so that they can live more independently and healthily, preventing the diseases that occur during the aging process.Introducción: El estilo de vida está compuesto por conductas cambiantes, que se caracteriza como un conjunto de hábitos, rutinas y elecciones que son positivas y negativas experimentadas por las personas a lo largo de la vida. Objetivo: Destacar el estilo de vida activo como indicador de salud y calidad de vida en el adulto mayor. Métodos: Se trata de una revisión integradora de la literatura, realizada en las siguientes bases de datos: Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) y Google Scholar, utilizando los siguientes descriptores específicos que se relacionan o forman parte del enfoque del constructo, tales como: "estilo de vida", "nivel de actividad física", "estilo de vida y nivel de actividad física",  "estilo de vida en el anciano", "nivel de actividad física en el anciano" y "ejercicio físico y estilo de vida en el anciano" fueron utilizados para este propósito, solo artículos científicos originales publicados en Brasil en los últimos 10 años. Resultados: De un total de 30 publicaciones encontradas, 06 artículos cumplieron con los objetivos propuestos. En los estudios analizados se identificó que las personas mayores que mantienen un estilo de vida activo tienen mayores índices de calidad de vida. Consideraciones: Por último, el ejercicio físico contribuye de forma favorable y significativa, favoreciendo así un envejecimiento más saludable y seguro.   O estilo de vida é composto de comportamentos alteráveis, que se caracteriza como um conjunto de costumes, rotinas e escolhas sendo positivas e negativas vivenciadas pelas pessoas ao longo da vida. Objetivo: Destacar o estilo de vida ativo como indicador da saúde e qualidade de vida em idosos. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica do tipo integrativa, realizadas nas bases de dados: Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SciELO) e Google acadêmico, utilizando os seguintes descritores específicos que se relacionam ou fazem parte do foco do constructo como: “estilo de vida”, “nível de atividade física”, “estilo de vida e nível de atividade física”, “estilo de vida em idosos”, “nível de atividade física em idosos” e “exercício físico e estilo de vida em idosos” para tanto foram utilizados somente artigos científicos originais publicados no Brasil nos últimos 10 anos. Os dados foram organizados de acordo com a similaridade da temática em questão  e reunidos em ordem cronológica. Resultados: De um total de 30 publicações encontradas, 06artigos atenderam aos objetivos propostos. Nos estudos analisados foi identificado que idosos que mantêm um estilo de vida ativo têm maiores índices de qualidade de vida. Considerações: Por fim, os exercícios físicos contribuem de maneira favorável e significativa, favorecendo assim, um envelhecimento mais saudável e seguro. É possível melhorar a qualidade de vida dos idosos, a fim de que, possam viver com mais independência e saúde, prevenindo as doenças que ocorrem durante o processo de envelhecimento.  O estilo de vida é composto de comportamentos alteráveis, que se caracteriza como um conjunto de costumes, rotinas e escolhas sendo positivas e negativas vivenciadas pelas pessoas ao longo da vida. Objetivo: Destacar o estilo de vida ativo como indicador da saúde e qualidade de vida em idosos. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica do tipo integrativa, realizadas nas bases de dados: Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SciELO) e Google acadêmico, utilizando os seguintes descritores específicos que se relacionam ou fazem parte do foco do constructo como: “estilo de vida”, “nível de atividade física”, “estilo de vida e nível de atividade física”, “estilo de vida em idosos”, “nível de atividade física em idosos” e “exercício físico e estilo de vida em idosos” para tanto foram utilizados somente artigos científicos originais publicados no Brasil nos últimos 10 anos. Os dados foram organizados de acordo com a similaridade da temática em questão  e reunidos em ordem cronológica. Resultados: De um total de 30 publicações encontradas, 06artigos atenderam aos objetivos propostos. Nos estudos analisados foi identificado que idosos que mantêm um estilo de vida ativo têm maiores índices de qualidade de vida. Considerações: Por fim, os exercícios físicos contribuem de maneira favorável e significativa, favorecendo assim, um envelhecimento mais saudável e seguro. É possível melhorar a qualidade de vida dos idosos, a fim de que, possam viver com mais independência e saúde, prevenindo as doenças que ocorrem durante o processo de envelhecimento.

Resistência à Helicoverpa armigera em genótipos de tomateiro obtidos do cruzamento de Solanum lycopersicum com Solanum galapagense

The objective of this work was to verify the resistance to the Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) caterpillar by tomato genotypes obtained from interspecific crossing of Solanum lycopersicum x S. galapagense, and the association of this resistence with the density of type IV glandular trichomes. Genotypes of the F2 population, obtained from the crossing of S. lycopersicum TOM‑684 x S. galapagense LA‑1401, selected for low and high densities of glandular trichomes, respectively, were subjected to two laboratory resistance tests, one for antibiosis and other for antixenosis. Genotypes of the F2 population, with high density of type IV glandular trichomes (BPX‑486‑17, BPX‑486‑62, BPX‑486‑10, BPX‑486‑46 and BPX‑486‑08), showed higher resistance levels, both by antibiosis and antixenosis, than the genotypes with low‑density glandular trichomes (BPX‑486‑313 and BPX‑486‑383) and the witnesses 'Santa Clara' and TOM‑684. Resistance levels were lower than those of the wild parent LA‑1401.O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a resistência à lagarta Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), em genótipos de tomateiro obtidos do cruzamento interespecífico de Solanum lycopersicum x S. galapagense, e a associação dessa resistência com a densidade de tricomas glandulares do tipo IV. Genótipos da população F2, derivada do cruzamento S. lycopersicum TOM‑684 x S. galapagense LA‑1401, selecionados quanto à baixa e à alta densidade de tricomas glandulares, respectivamente, foram submetidos a dois testes de resistência à lagarta H. armigera em laboratório, um de antibiose e outro de antixenose. Os genótipos da população F2, com alta densidade de tricomas glandulares do tipo IV (BPX‑486‑17, BPX‑486‑62, BPX‑486‑10, BPX‑486‑46 e BPX‑486‑08), apresentam maiores níveis de resistência, tanto por antibiose quanto por antixenose, do que os genótipos com baixa densidade de tricomas glandulares (BPX‑486‑313 e BPX‑486‑383) e do que as testemunhas 'Santa Clara' e TOM‑684. Os níveis de resistência foram menores do que os do genitor silvestre LA‑1401

Heterosis and combining ability in bell pepper lines with resistance to multiple pathogens

The aim of this study was to develop bell pepper hybrids with resistance to multiple pathogens and make inferences in regard to components of heterosis in hybrids obtained from lines presumed to be resistant to Pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV), Phytophthora capsici, or Meloidogyne incognita. The studies were carried out in a greenhouse. We used ten lines, thirty experimental hybrids, and seven controls (Konan-R, Magali-R, Martha-R, Stephany, Mallorca, Magnata Super, and Criollo de Morelos-334). For all experiments, a randomized block design was used with three replications (with plots composed of 16 plants). For evaluation of the reactions to P. capsici and to PepYMV, the percentages of asymptomatic plants were considered. For evaluation of the reactions to M. incognita, the reproduction index and the reproduction factor of the nematode were calculated. The additive gene effects were important for all the traits evaluated, and for percentage of plants resistant to PepYMV and P. capsici, the non-additive effects were also important. The alleles that control resistance to PepYMV, to P. capsici, and to M. incognita have a degree of dominance near 1, in absolute value, which indicates a favorable situation for obtaining hybrids that accumulate multiple resistance to these pathogens

Triagem de genótipos de hortaliças para resistência a Meloidogyne enterolobii

The objective of this work was to identify genotypes of lettuce, sweet potato, bean, tomato, and Capsicum resistant to the nematode Meloidogyne enterolobii (Syn. M. mayaguensis), and to classify them according to their resistance degree. The following were evaluated: 10 genotypes of lettuce, 8 of sweet potato, 10 of bean and snap bean, 25 of Capsicum, and 6 of tomato genotypes. Reproduction factor and reproduction index were determined, and genotypes were classified according to their resistance degree to the nematode. Moderate levels of resistance were observed in the bean cultivar Aporé and in the accessions of pepper BGH-433 and BGH-4285, and of sweet pepper, PIM-031, PIX-022I-31-07-02, and PIX-022I-31-13-01. All tomato genotypes are susceptible to M. enterolobii. Lettuce cultivars Julia, Hortência, Verônica, Grand Rapids and Babá de Verão, and sweetpotato clones UFLA07-49 and UFLA07-53 are very resistant to the nematode. Apparently, the resistance to M. enterolobii is controlled by different genes from the ones which confer resistance to other species and races of Meloidogyne.O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar genótipos de alface, batata-doce, feijão, tomate e Capsicum resistentes ao nematoide Meloidogyne enterolobii (Syn. M. mayaguensis) e classificá-los quanto ao grau de resistência. Foram avaliados: 10 genótipos de alface, 8 de batata-doce, 10 de feijão e feijão-vagem, 25 de Capsicum e 6 de tomate. Foram calculados o fator de reprodução e o índice de reprodução, e os genótipos foram classificados quanto ao grau de resistência ao nematoide. Foram observados níveis moderados de resistência na  cultivar de feijão Aporé  e nos  acessos de pimenta, BGH-433  e BGH-4285,  e de pimentão, PIM-031, PIX-022I-31-07-02  e PIX-022I-31-13-01. Todos os genótipos de tomate são suscetíveis  a M. enterolobii. As cultivares de alface Julia, Hortência, Verônica, Grand Rapids e Babá de Verão, e os clones de batata-doce UFLA07-49 e UFLA07-53 são muito resistentes ao nematoide. A resistência a M. enterolobii aparentemente é mediada por genes diferentes dos que conferem resistência a outras espécies e raças de Meloidogyne

Caracterização das resistências a múltiplos patógenos em híbridos experimentais de pimentão

The aim of this study was to assess resistance to some of the major sweet pepper pathogens [Phytophthora capsici, Pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV) and Meloidogyne incognita] in a group of experimental hybrids and their respective parental lines, and to identify hybrids possibly resistant to all three pathogens. Ten parental breeding lines, thirty experimental hybrids and seven commercial controls (Konan-R, Magali-R, Martha-R, Stephany, Mallorca, Magnata Super and Criollo de Morelos-334) were used. Each experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design with three replications and plots consisting of 16 plants. For assessment of resistance to P. capsici and PepYMV, the percent of asymptomatic plants was considered. In evaluating reactions to M. incognita, both the nematode reproduction index and the nematode reproduction factor were calculated. Five hybrids were found with resistance to all three pathogens. For all three pathogens, there was evidence that hybrids with two resistant parental lines showed slightly higher levels of pathogen resistance than those with only one resistant parental line. © 2017, Sociedade de Olericultura do Brasil. All rights reserved

Triagem de genótipos de hortaliças para resistência a Meloidogyne enterolobii

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar genótipos de alface, batata-doce, feijão, tomate e Capsicum resistentes ao nematoide Meloidogyne enterolobii (Syn. M. mayaguensis) e classificá-los quanto ao grau de resistência. Foram avaliados: 10 genótipos de alface, 8 de batata-doce, 10 de feijão e feijão-vagem, 25 de Capsicum e 6 de tomate. Foram calculados o fator de reprodução e o índice de reprodução, e os genótipos foram classificados quanto ao grau de resistência ao nematoide. Foram observados níveis moderados de resistência na cultivar de feijão Aporé e nos acessos de pimenta, BGH-433 e BGH-4285, e de pimentão, PIM-031, PIX-022I-31-07-02 e PIX-022I-31-13-01. Todos os genótipos de tomate são suscetíveis a M. enterolobii. As cultivares de alface Julia, Hortência, Verônica, Grand Rapids e Babá de Verão, e os clones de batata-doce UFLA07-49 e UFLA07-53 são muito resistentes ao nematoide. A resistência a M. enterolobii aparentemente é mediada por genes diferentes dos que conferem resistência a outras espécies e raças de Meloidogyne