Co‐occurrence and clustering of sedentary behaviors, diet, sugar‐sweetened beverages, and alcohol intake among adolescents and adults: The latin american nutrition and health study (elans)

Poor diet, sedentary behaviors, sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSB) and alcohol intake seem to co‐exist in complex ways that are not well understood. The aim of this study was to provide an understanding of the extent to which unhealthy behaviors cluster in eight Latin America countries. A secondary aim was to identify socio‐demographic characteristics associated with these behaviors by country. Data from adolescents and adults from the “Latin American Health and Nutrition Study” was used and the prevalence of screen‐time, occupational and transportation–sedentary time, socializing with friends, poor diet, SSB and alcohol intake, alone and in combination, were identified. The eight Latin America (LA) countries added to analyses were: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Logistic regression was used to estimate associations between ≥2 behaviors clustering, socio‐demographics and weight status. Among 9218 individuals, the most prevalent behaviors were transportation and occupation–sedentary time, SSB and alcohol intake. Younger, female, married/living with a partner, low and middle‐income and obese individuals had higher chances for these clustering behaviors. These results provide a multi-country level of understanding of the extent to which behaviors co‐occur in the LA population.University of San FranciscoRevisión por pare

Ingestão de minerais e fitatos: indicadores para o monitoramento de risco nutricional

The objective of this study was to evaluate the molar ratios between phytate and the minerals calcium, iron and zinc according to the meals eaten by teenagers, adults and seniors. Data was used from the Campinas municipality Health Survey (ISACAMP 2008), a cross-sectional, population-based study. Nutrient intake was determined by applying the 24-hour recall; 922 adolescents, 950 adults and 1,510 senior citizens were evaluated. The adolescents had higher intake for zinc, calcium, phytate, iron and energy, but lower average intake of dietary fiber than seniors. Risks superior to 80% are observed for the phytate.calcium:zinc molar ratio and above 98% for phytate:iron in all strata investigated, especially at breakfast and afternoon snack. Data from this study allow us to conclude that the prevalence of inadequacy estimated using molar ratios of phytate:minerals range from 1.3% to 99.1%, which suggests risk for impaired absorption of calcium, zinc and iron. Regulation actions of regional character from national databases on food composition can better target policies and food and nutrition programs, mainly those related to risks associated to nutritional quality of the diet.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as razões molares entre fitato e os minerais cálcio, ferro e zinco, de acordo com as refeições realizadas por adolescentes, adultos e idosos. Foram utilizados dados do Inquérito de Saúde do município de Campinas (ISACAMP 2008), um estudo transversal de base populacional. A ingestão de nutrientes foi determinada por meio da aplicação do Recordatório de 24 horas. Foram avaliados 922 adolescentes, 950 adultos e 1.510 idosos. Os adolescentes apresentaram médias de ingestão mais elevadas para zinco, cálcio, fitato, energia e ferro, mas ingestão média de fibras alimentares menor do que os idosos. Observam-se riscos superiores a 80% para a razão molar fitato.cálcio:zinco e acima de 98% para fitato:ferro em todos os estratos investigados, especialmente no café da manhã e no lanche da tarde. Os dados deste estudo permitem concluir que as prevalências de inadequação estimadas por meio das razões molares fitato:minerais variam de 1,3% a 99,1%, o que sugere risco para o comprometimento da absorção do cálcio, zinco e ferro. Ações de regulação de caráter regional a partir de bancos de dados sobre a composição de alimentos poderão melhor direcionar políticas e programas de alimentação e nutrição, em especial no que se refere ao risco do comprometimento da qualidade nutricional da alimentação

Impact of nonoptimal intakes of saturated, polyunsaturated, and trans fat on global burdens of coronary heart disease

Background: Saturated fat (SFA), ω‐6 (n‐6) polyunsaturated fat (PUFA), and trans fat (TFA) influence risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), but attributable CHD mortalities by country, age, sex, and time are unclear. Methods and Results: National intakes of SFA, n‐6 PUFA, and TFA were estimated using a Bayesian hierarchical model based on country‐specific dietary surveys; food availability data; and, for TFA, industry reports on fats/oils and packaged foods. Etiologic effects of dietary fats on CHD mortality were derived from meta‐analyses of prospective cohorts and CHD mortality rates from the 2010 Global Burden of Diseases study. Absolute and proportional attributable CHD mortality were computed using a comparative risk assessment framework. In 2010, nonoptimal intakes of n‐6 PUFA, SFA, and TFA were estimated to result in 711 800 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 680 700–745 000), 250 900 (95% UI 236 900–265 800), and 537 200 (95% UI 517 600–557 000) CHD deaths per year worldwide, accounting for 10.3% (95% UI 9.9%–10.6%), 3.6%, (95% UI 3.5%–3.6%) and 7.7% (95% UI 7.6%–7.9%) of global CHD mortality. Tropical oil–consuming countries were estimated to have the highest proportional n‐6 PUFA– and SFA‐attributable CHD mortality, whereas Egypt, Pakistan, and Canada were estimated to have the highest proportional TFA‐attributable CHD mortality. From 1990 to 2010 globally, the estimated proportional CHD mortality decreased by 9% for insufficient n‐6 PUFA and by 21% for higher SFA, whereas it increased by 4% for higher TFA, with the latter driven by increases in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Conclusions: Nonoptimal intakes of n‐6 PUFA, TFA, and SFA each contribute to significant estimated CHD mortality, with important heterogeneity across countries that informs nation‐specific clinical, public health, and policy priorities.peer-reviewe