Does the risk of childhood diabetes mellitus require revision of the guideline values for nitrate in drinking water?

In recent years, several studies have addressed a possible relationship between nitrate exposure and childhood type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The present ecologic study describes a possible relation between the incidence of type 1 diabetes and nitrate levels in drinking water in The Netherlands, and evaluates whether the World Health Organization and the European Commission standard for nitrate in drinking water (50 mg/L) is adequate to prevent risk of this disease. During 1993-1995 in The Netherlands, 1,104 cases of type 1 diabetes were diagnosed in children 0-14 years of age. We were able to use 1,064 of these cases in a total of 2,829,020 children in this analysis. We classified mean nitrate levels in drinking water in 3,932 postal code areas in The Netherlands in 1991-1995 into two exposure categories. One category was based on equal numbers of children exposed to different nitrate levels (0.25-2.08, 2.10-6.42, and 6.44-41.19 mg/L nitrate); the other was based on cut-off values of 10 and 25 mg/L nitrate. We determined standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for type 1 diabetes in subgroups of the 2,829,020 children with respect to both nitrate exposure categories, sex, and age and as compared in univariate analysis using the chi-square test for trend. We compared the incidence rate ratios (IRRs) by multivariate analysis in a Poisson regression model. We found an effect of increasing age of the children on incidence of type 1 diabetes, but we did not find an effect of sex or of nitrate concentration in drinking water using the two exposure categories. For nitrate levels > 25 mg/L, an increased SIR and an increased IRR of 1.46 were observed; however, this increase was not statistically significant, probably because of the small number of cases (15 of 1,064). We concluded that there is no convincing evidence that nitrate in drinking water at current exposure levels is a risk factor for childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus in The Netherlands, although a threshold value > 25 mg/L for the occurrence of this disease can not be excluded

Final height in girls with turner syndrome after long-term growth hormone treatment in three dosages and low dose estrogens

Although GH treatment for short stature in Turner syndrome is an accepted treatment in many countries, which GH dosage to use and which age to start puberty induction are issues of debate. This study shows final height (FH) in 60 girls with Turner syndrome treated in a randomized dose-response trial, combining GH treatment with low dose estrogens at a relatively young age. Girls were randomly assigned to group A (4 IU/m(2).d; approximately 0.045 mg/kg/d), group B (first year, 4 IU/m(2).d; thereafter 6 IU/m(2).d), or group C (first year, 4 IU/m(2).d; second year, 6 IU/m(2).d; thereafter, 8 IU/m(2).d). After a minimum of 4 yr of GH treatment, at a mean age of 12.7 +/- 0.7 yr, low dose micronized 17beta-estradiol was given orally. After a mean duration of GH treatment of 8.6 +/- 1.9 yr, FH was reached at a mean age of 15.8 +/- 0.9 yr. FH, expressed in centimeters or SD score, was 157.6 +/- 6.5 or -1.6 +/- 1.0 in group A, 162.9 +/- 6.1 or -0.7 +/- 1.0 in group B, and 163.6 +/- 6.0 or -0.6 +/- 1.0 in group C. The difference in FH in centimeters, corrected for height SD score and age at start of treatment, was significant between groups A and B [regression coefficient, 4.1; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.4, 6.9; P < 0.01], and groups A and C (coefficient, 5.0; 95% CI, 2.3, 7.7; P < 0.001), but not between groups B and C (coefficient, 0.9; 95% CI, -1.8, 3.6). Fifty of the 60 girls (83%) had reached a normal FH (FH SD score, more than -2). After starting estrogen treatment, the decrease in height velocity (HV) changed significantly to a stable HV, without affecting bone maturation (change in bone age/change in chronological age). The following variables contributed significantly to predicting FH SD score: GH dose, height SD score (ref. normal girls), chronological age at start of treatment, and HV in the first year of GH treatment. GH treatment was well tolerated. In conclusion, GH treatment leads to a normalization of FH in most girls, even when puberty is induced at a normal pubertal age. The optimal GH dosage depends on height and age at the start of treatment and first year HV

Collective Power to Create Political Change: Increasing the Political Efficacy and Engagement of Social Workers

Because social workers are called to challenge social injustices and create systemic change to support the well-being of individuals and communities, it is essential that social workers develop political efficacy: belief that the political system can work and they can influence the system. This study explored the impact of an intensive political social work curriculum on political efficacy and planned political engagement among social work students and practitioners. The findings suggest this model of delivering a political social work curriculum effectively increases internal, external, and overall political efficacy, and that increasing political efficacy has promise for increasing future political engagement

Ultrasound evaluation of the abductor hallucis muscle: Reliability study

© 2008 Cameron et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licens

The RNA Chaperone Hfq Is Important for Growth and Stress Tolerance in Francisella novicida

The RNA-binding protein Hfq is recognized as an important regulatory factor in a variety of cellular processes, including stress resistance and pathogenesis. Hfq has been shown in several bacteria to interact with small regulatory RNAs and act as a post-transcriptional regulator of mRNA stability and translation. Here we examined the impact of Hfq on growth, stress tolerance, and gene expression in the intracellular pathogen Francisella novicida. We present evidence of Hfq involvement in the ability of F. novicida to tolerate several cellular stresses, including heat-shock and oxidative stresses, and alterations in hfq gene expression under these conditions. Furthermore, expression of numerous genes, including several associated with virulence, is altered in a hfq mutant strain suggesting they are regulated directly or indirectly by Hfq. Strikingly, we observed a delayed entry into stationary phase and increased biofilm formation in the hfq mutant. Together, these data demonstrate a critical role for Hfq in F. novicida growth and survival

The Use of Genus-Specific Amplicon Pyrosequencing to Assess Phytophthora Species Diversity Using eDNA from Soil and Water in Northern Spain

[EN] Phytophthora is one of the most important and aggressive plant pathogenic genera in agriculture and forestry. Early detection and identification of its pathways of infection and spread are of high importance to minimize the threat they pose to natural ecosystems. eDNA was extracted from soil and water from forests and plantations in the north of Spain. Phytophthora-specific primers were adapted for use in high-throughput Sequencing (HTS). Primers were tested in a control reaction containing eight Phytophthora species and applied to water and soil eDNA samples from northern Spain. Different score coverage threshold values were tested for optimal Phytophthora species separation in a custom-curated database and in the control reaction. Clustering at 99% was the optimal criteria to separate most of the Phytophthora species. Multiple Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) corresponding to 36 distinct Phytophthora species were amplified in the environmental samples. Pyrosequencing of amplicons from soil samples revealed low Phytophthora diversity (13 species) in comparison with the 35 species detected in water samples. Thirteen of the MOTUs detected in rivers and streams showed no close match to sequences in international sequence databases, revealing that eDNA pyrosequencing is a useful strategy to assess Phytophthora species diversity in natural ecosystems.This project has been supported by the Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (EUPHRESCO-CEP: "Current and Emerging Phytophthoras: Research Supporting Risk Assessment And Risk Management"). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Català, S.; Pérez Sierra, AM.; Abad Campos, P. (2015). The Use of Genus-Specific Amplicon Pyrosequencing to Assess Phytophthora Species Diversity Using eDNA from Soil and Water in Northern Spain. 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Below-ground fine-scale distribution and soil versus fine root detection of fungal and soil oomycete communities in a French beech forest. Fungal Ecology, 6(3), 223-235. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2013.01.002Vannini, A., Bruni, N., Tomassini, A., Franceschini, S., & Vettraino, A. M. (2013). Pyrosequencing of environmental soil samples reveals biodiversity of thePhytophthoraresident community in chestnut forests. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 85(3), 433-442. doi:10.1111/1574-6941.12132Jerde, C. L., Mahon, A. R., Chadderton, W. L., & Lodge, D. M. (2011). «Sight-unseen» detection of rare aquatic species using environmental DNA. Conservation Letters, 4(2), 150-157. doi:10.1111/j.1755-263x.2010.00158.xMonchy, S., Sanciu, G., Jobard, M., Rasconi, S., Gerphagnon, M., Chabé, M., … Sime-Ngando, T. (2011). Exploring and quantifying fungal diversity in freshwater lake ecosystems using rDNA cloning/sequencing and SSU tag pyrosequencing. Environmental Microbiology, 13(6), 1433-1453. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02444.xJobard, M., Rasconi, S., Solinhac, L., Cauchie, H.-M., & Sime-Ngando, T. (2012). Molecular and morphological diversity of fungi and the associated functions in three European nearby lakes. Environmental Microbiology, 14(9), 2480-2494. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02771.xLivermore, J. A., & Mattes, T. E. (2013). Phylogenetic detection of novel Cryptomycota in an Iowa (United States) aquifer and from previously collected marine and freshwater targeted high-throughput sequencing sets. Environmental Microbiology, 15(8), 2333-2341. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12106NAKAYAMA, J., JIANG, J., WATANABE, K., CHEN, K., NINXIN, H., MATSUDA, K., … LEE, Y.-K. (2013). Up to Species-level Community Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota by 16S rRNA Amplicon Pyrosequencing. Bioscience of Microbiota, Food and Health, 32(2), 69-76. doi:10.12938/bmfh.32.69CREER, S., & SINNIGER, F. (2012). Cosmopolitanism of microbial eukaryotes in the global deep seas. Molecular Ecology, 21(5), 1033-1035. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05437.xDavey, M. L., Heegaard, E., Halvorsen, R., Kauserud, H., & Ohlson, M. (2012). Amplicon-pyrosequencing-based detection of compositional shifts in bryophyte-associated fungal communities along an elevation gradient. Molecular Ecology, 22(2), 368-383. doi:10.1111/mec.12122Weber, C. F., Vilgalys, R., & Kuske, C. R. (2013). Changes in Fungal Community Composition in Response to Elevated Atmospheric CO2 and Nitrogen Fertilization Varies with Soil Horizon. Frontiers in Microbiology, 4. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2013.00078Bergmark, L., Poulsen, P. H. B., Al-Soud, W. A., Norman, A., Hansen, L. H., & Sørensen, S. J. (2012). Assessment of the specificity of Burkholderia and Pseudomonas qPCR assays for detection of these genera in soil using 454 pyrosequencing. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 333(1), 77-84. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02601.xLi, L., Abu Al-Soud, W., Bergmark, L., Riber, L., Hansen, L. H., Magid, J., & Sørensen, S. J. (2013). Investigating the Diversity of Pseudomonas spp. in Soil Using Culture Dependent and Independent Techniques. Current Microbiology, 67(4), 423-430. doi:10.1007/s00284-013-0382-xSCHENA, L., HUGHES, K. J. D., & COOKE, D. E. L. (2006). Detection and quantification ofPhytophthora ramorum,P. kernoviae,P. citricolaandP. quercinain symptomatic leaves by multiplex real-time PCR. Molecular Plant Pathology, 7(5), 365-379. doi:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2006.00345.xTooley, P. W., Martin, F. N., Carras, M. M., & Frederick, R. D. (2006). Real-Time Fluorescent Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection ofPhytophthora ramorumandPhytophthora pseudosyringaeUsing Mitochondrial Gene Regions. Phytopathology, 96(4), 336-345. doi:10.1094/phyto-96-0336Pavón, C. F., Babadoost, M., & Lambert, K. N. (2008). Quantification of Phytophthora capsici Oospores in Soil by Sieving-Centrifugation and Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. Plant Disease, 92(1), 143-149. doi:10.1094/pdis-92-1-0143Than, D. J., Hughes, K. J. D., Boonhan, N., Tomlinson, J. A., Woodhall, J. W., & Bellgard, S. E. (2013). A TaqMan real-time PCR assay for the detection ofPhytophthora‘taxon Agathis’ in soil, pathogen of Kauri in New Zealand. Forest Pathology, 43(4), 324-330. doi:10.1111/efp.12034Chen, W., Djama, Z. R., Coffey, M. D., Martin, F. N., Bilodeau, G. J., Radmer, L., … Lévesque, C. A. (2013). Membrane-Based Oligonucleotide Array Developed from Multiple Markers for the Detection of Many Phytophthora Species. Phytopathology, 103(1), 43-54. doi:10.1094/phyto-04-12-0092-rScibetta, S., Schena, L., Chimento, A., Cacciola, S. O., & Cooke, D. E. L. (2012). A molecular method to assess Phytophthora diversity in environmental samples. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 88(3), 356-368. doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2011.12.012Català S, Pérez-Sierra A, Berbegal M, Abad-Campos P. First approach into the knowledge of the Phytophthora species diversity in Mediterranean holm oak forests based on 454 parallel amplicon pyrosequencing of soil samples. Phytophthora in Forest and Natural Ecosystems 6th International IUFRO Working Party 7.02.09 Meeting, Córdoba, Spain, pp 34; 2012.Català S, Pérez-Sierra A, Beltrán A, Abad-Campos P. Next Generation Sequencing shows Phytophthora species diversity in soil samples of Macaronesian laurel forests from the Canary Islands. Phytophthora in Forest and Natural Ecosystems 6th International IUFRO Working Party 7.02.09 Meeting, Córdoba, Spain, pp. 86; 2012.Cooke, D. E. L., Drenth, A., Duncan, J. M., Wagels, G., & Brasier, C. M. (2000). A Molecular Phylogeny of Phytophthora and Related Oomycetes. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 30(1), 17-32. doi:10.1006/fgbi.2000.1202Andrews S. FastQC: a quality control tool for high throughput sequence data. Available: http://www.bioinformatics.bbsrc.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/Chou, H.-H., & Holmes, M. H. (2001). DNA sequence quality trimming and vector removal. Bioinformatics, 17(12), 1093-1104. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/17.12.1093Altschul, S. (1997). Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Research, 25(17), 3389-3402. doi:10.1093/nar/25.17.3389Edgar, R. C. (2004). MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Research, 32(5), 1792-1797. doi:10.1093/nar/gkh340Gouy, M., Guindon, S., & Gascuel, O. (2009). SeaView Version 4: A Multiplatform Graphical User Interface for Sequence Alignment and Phylogenetic Tree Building. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 27(2), 221-224. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp259Park, J., Park, B., Veeraraghavan, N., Jung, K., Lee, Y.-H., Blair, J. E., … Kang, S. (2008). Phytophthora Database: A Forensic Database Supporting the Identification and Monitoring of Phytophthora. Plant Disease, 92(6), 966-972. doi:10.1094/pdis-92-6-0966Vettraino, A. M., Bonants, P., Tomassini, A., Bruni, N., & Vannini, A. (2012). Pyrosequencing as a tool for the detection ofPhytophthoraspecies: error rate and risk of false Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 55(5), 390-396. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765x.2012.03310.xJung, T., & Burgess, T. I. (2009). Re-evaluation of Phytophthora citricola isolates from multiple woody hosts in Europe and North America reveals a new species, Phytophthora plurivora sp. nov. Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi, 22(1), 95-110. doi:10.3767/003158509x442612Deagle, B. E., Eveson, J. P., & Jarman, S. N. (2006). Quantification of damage in DNA recovered from highly degraded samples – a case study on DNA in faeces. Frontiers in Zoology, 3(1). doi:10.1186/1742-9994-3-11Dejean, T., Valentini, A., Duparc, A., Pellier-Cuit, S., Pompanon, F., Taberlet, P., & Miaud, C. (2011). Persistence of Environmental DNA in Freshwater Ecosystems. PLoS ONE, 6(8), e23398. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023398Guha Roy S, Grunwald NJ. The plant destroyer genus Phytophthora in the 21st century. In book: Review of Plant Pathology, Edition: Volume 6, Publisher: Scientific Publishers (India), Jodhpur, Editors: B.N.Chakraborty, B.B.L.Thakore, pp. In press; 2014.Brasier, C. M., Cooke, D. E. L., Duncan, J. M., & Hansen, E. M. (2003). Multiple new phenotypic taxa from trees and riparian ecosystems in Phytophthora gonapodyides-P. megasperma ITS Clade 6, which tend to be high-temperature tolerant and either inbreeding or sterile. Mycological Research, 107(3), 277-290. doi:10.1017/s095375620300738xHüberli, D., Hardy, G. E. S. J., White, D., Williams, N., & Burgess, T. I. (2013). Fishing for Phytophthora from Western Australia’s waterways: a distribution and diversity survey. Australasian Plant Pathology, 42(3), 251-260. doi:10.1007/s13313-012-0195-6Jung, T., Stukely, M. J. C., Hardy, G. E. S. J., White, D., Paap, T., Dunstan, W. A., & Burgess, T. I. (2011). Multiple new Phytophthora species from ITS Clade 6 associated with natural ecosystems in Australia: evolutionary and ecological implications. Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi, 26(1), 13-39. doi:10.3767/003158511x557577Brasier, C. M., Sanchez-Hernandez, E., & Kirk, S. A. (2003). Phytophthora inundata sp. nov., a part heterothallic pathogen of trees and shrubs in wet or flooded soils. Mycological Research, 107(4), 477-484. doi:10.1017/s0953756203007548Hansen, E. M., Reeser, P. W., & Sutton, W. (2012). PhytophthoraBeyond Agriculture. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 50(1), 359-378. doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-172946Reeser, P. W., Sutton, W., Hansen, E. M., Remigi, P., & Adams, G. C. (2011). Phytophthora species in forest streams in Oregon and Alaska. Mycologia, 103(1), 22-35. doi:10.3852/10-013Nechwatal, J., Bakonyi, J., Cacciola, S. O., Cooke, D. E. L., Jung, T., Nagy, Z. Á., … Brasier, C. M. (2012). The morphology, behaviour and molecular phylogeny ofPhytophthorataxon Salixsoil and its redesignation asPhytophthora lacustrissp. nov. Plant Pathology, 62(2), 355-369. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2012.02638.xHuai, W. -x., Tian, G., Hansen, E. M., Zhao, W. -x., Goheen, E. M., Grünwald, N. J., & Cheng, C. (2013). Identification ofPhytophthoraspecies baited and isolated from forest soil and streams in northwestern Yunnan province, China. Forest Pathology, 43(2), 87-103. doi:10.1111/efp.12015Oh, E., Gryzenhout, M., Wingfield, B. D., Wingfield, M. J., & Burgess, T. I. (2013). Surveys of soil and water reveal a goldmine of Phytophthora diversity in South African natural ecosystems. IMA Fungus, 4(1), 123-131. doi:10.5598/imafungus.2013.04.01.1

Conversion of Iodide to Hypoiodous Acid and Iodine in Aqueous Microdroplets Exposed to Ozone

Halides are incorporated into aerosol sea spray, where they start the catalytic destruction of ozone (O3) over the oceans and affect the global troposphere. Two intriguing environmental problems undergoing continuous research are (1) to understand how reactive gas phase molecular halogens are directly produced from inorganic halides exposed to O3 and (2) to constrain the environmental factors that control this interfacial process. This paper presents a laboratory study of the reaction of O3 at variable iodide (I–) concentration (0.010–100 μM) for solutions aerosolized at 25 °C, which reveal remarkable differences in the reaction intermediates and products expected in sea spray for low tropospheric [O3]. The ultrafast oxidation of I– by O3 at the air–water interface of microdroplets is evidenced by the appearance of hypoiodous acid (HIO), iodite (IO2–), iodate (IO3–), triiodide (I3–), and molecular iodine (I2). Mass spectrometry measurements reveal an enhancement (up to 28%) in the dissolution of gaseous O3 at the gas–liquid interface when increasing the concentration of NaI or NaBr from 0.010 to 100 μM. The production of iodine species such as HIO and I2 from NaI aerosolized solutions exposed to 50 ppbv O3 can occur at the air–water interface of sea spray, followed by their transfer to the gas-phase, where they contribute to the loss of tropospheric ozone

Adaptations to Submarine Hydrothermal Environments Exemplified by the Genome of Nautilia profundicola

Submarine hydrothermal vents are model systems for the Archaean Earth environment, and some sites maintain conditions that may have favored the formation and evolution of cellular life. Vents are typified by rapid fluctuations in temperature and redox potential that impose a strong selective pressure on resident microbial communities. Nautilia profundicola strain Am-H is a moderately thermophilic, deeply-branching Epsilonproteobacterium found free-living at hydrothermal vents and is a member of the microbial mass on the dorsal surface of vent polychaete, Alvinella pompejana. Analysis of the 1.7-Mbp genome of N. profundicola uncovered adaptations to the vent environment—some unique and some shared with other Epsilonproteobacterial genomes. The major findings included: (1) a diverse suite of hydrogenases coupled to a relatively simple electron transport chain, (2) numerous stress response systems, (3) a novel predicted nitrate assimilation pathway with hydroxylamine as a key intermediate, and (4) a gene (rgy) encoding the hallmark protein for hyperthermophilic growth, reverse gyrase. Additional experiments indicated that expression of rgy in strain Am-H was induced over 100-fold with a 20°C increase above the optimal growth temperature of this bacterium and that closely related rgy genes are present and expressed in bacterial communities residing in geographically distinct thermophilic environments. N. profundicola, therefore, is a model Epsilonproteobacterium that contains all the genes necessary for life in the extreme conditions widely believed to reflect those in the Archaean biosphere—anaerobic, sulfur, H2- and CO2-rich, with fluctuating redox potentials and temperatures. In addition, reverse gyrase appears to be an important and common adaptation for mesophiles and moderate thermophiles that inhabit ecological niches characterized by rapid and frequent temperature fluctuations and, as such, can no longer be considered a unique feature of hyperthermophiles

Understanding acute ankle ligamentous sprain injury in sports

This paper summarizes the current understanding on acute ankle sprain injury, which is the most common acute sport trauma, accounting for about 14% of all sport-related injuries. Among, 80% are ligamentous sprains caused by explosive inversion or supination. The injury motion often happens at the subtalar joint and tears the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) which possesses the lowest ultimate load among the lateral ligaments at the ankle. For extrinsic risk factors to ankle sprain injury, prescribing orthosis decreases the risk while increased exercise intensity in soccer raises the risk. For intrinsic factors, a foot size with increased width, an increased ankle eversion to inversion strength, plantarflexion strength and ratio between dorsiflexion and plantarflexion strength, and limb dominance could increase the ankle sprain injury risk. Players with a previous sprain history, players wearing shoes with air cells, players who do not stretch before exercising, players with inferior single leg balance, and overweight players are 4.9, 4.3, 2.6, 2.4 and 3.9 times more likely to sustain an ankle sprain injury. The aetiology of most ankle sprain injuries is incorrect foot positioning at landing – a medially-deviated vertical ground reaction force causes an explosive supination or inversion moment at the subtalar joint in a short time (about 50 ms). Another aetiology is the delayed reaction time of the peroneal muscles at the lateral aspect of the ankle (60–90 ms). The failure supination or inversion torque is about 41–45 Nm to cause ligamentous rupture in simulated spraining tests on cadaver. A previous case report revealed that the ankle joint reached 48 degrees inversion and 10 degrees internal rotation during an accidental grade I ankle ligamentous sprain injury during a dynamic cutting trial in laboratory. Diagnosis techniques and grading systems vary, but the management of ankle ligamentous sprain injury is mainly conservative. Immobilization should not be used as it results in joint stiffness, muscle atrophy and loss of proprioception. Traditional Chinese medicine such as herbs, massage and acupuncture were well applied in China in managing sports injuries, and was reported to be effective in relieving pain, reducing swelling and edema, and restoring normal ankle function. Finally, the best practice of sports medicine would be to prevent the injury. Different previous approaches, including designing prophylactice devices, introducing functional interventions, as well as change of games rules were highlighted. This paper allows the readers to catch up with the previous researches on ankle sprain injury, and facilitate the future research idea on sport-related ankle sprain injury