Plastid and Seed Morphology Data Support a Revised Infrageneric Classification and an African Origin of the Pantropical Genus Xylopia (Annonaceae)

International audienceThe floristic treatment of Engler and Diels, published in 1901, provides the only infrageneric classification of the pantropical genusXylopia (Annonaceae). Here we test and extend that classification using molecular and seed morphology characters. Phylogenetic relationships werereconstructed using data from four plastid regions obtained from 44 of the approximately 165 species in the genus, recovering four well-supportedmajor clades. Seed characters were examined for these taxa, and six aril morphologies, three previously undocumented, were distinguished; we alsodocument the presence of a sarcotesta on the seeds of many species. Molecular and seed data support recognition of five sections within the genus;one, Xylopia sect. Rugosperma, is proposed here as new. Our phylogenetic results suggest an African origin for the genus and reveal complexbiogeographic patterns, likely facilitated by long-distance dispersa

Gene-partitioned maximum likelihood analysis

Maximum likelihood analysis of the four-marker data set (gene-partitioned), showing bootstrap support

psbA-trnH spacer alignment

psbA-trnH spacer multiple sequence alignmen

Maximum parsimony reconstruction of aril types

Maximum parsimony reconstruction of aril types, implemented in Mesquit

Maximum likelihood analysis of trnL-trnF spacer

Maximum likelihood analysis of trnL-trnF spacer, showing bootstrap suppor

Maximum likelihood analysis of matK

Maximum likelihood analysis of matK, showing bootstrap suppor

Maximum parsimony reconstruction of sarcotesta

Maximum parsimony reconstruction of sarcotesta (presence vs. absence), implemented in Mesquit

Maximum likelihood analysis of psbA-trnH spacer

Maximum likelihood analysis of psbA-trnH spacer, showing bootstrap suppor

Bayesian analysis of the four-marker data set

Bayesian analysis of the four-marker data set, including support values for node