The Spectre of Research Ethics and Governance and the ESRC's 2010 FRE: Nowhere Left to Hide?

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Man’s Hand in God’s Affairs: Shaping Modern Iran’s Theocratic Polity

In the final years of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi’s reign in Iran, longstanding social inequities came to a head, prompting a public outcry to restore the traditional and righteous prestige and repudiate Western influence in the country. A conflation of social, economic, and religious issues led to a civil rights movement that would quickly become a platform for the 1979 Islamic Revolution. The deposition of the Western-backed Shah left a political vacuum in Iran that would ultimately be filled with an Islamic supreme leader. A modernization of Shi’a Islam, primarily executed with religious propaganda and recordings, was an integral step in forming the political sphere of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI). Reframing the tenets of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini’s specific brand of Islam would result in the inception of Iran’s infamous morality police, or the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps’ Basij Organization of the Oppressed (IRGC BOO), a stringent dress code, and a morality-based legal policy. The IRGC BOO became both a formidable military force and the primary enforcers of redefined Islam in modern Iran. Reimagining the role of mullahs strengthened the connection between politics, the people, and religion. The application of Islamic justice in Iran has yielded domestic resistance movements and drastically affected foreign affairs. This paper will examine the means through which traditional Shi’a Islam was transformed to support a new polity in modern Iran. By exploring the fluid sociopolitical conditions in the country, it will attempt to contextualize the Islamic Republic’s theocratic constitution, and its immediate ramifications for both Muslim and religious minority citizens of Iran. This piece will analyze the role of religion in contemporary resistance movements against the regime, as well as international backlash. Focusing primarily on the juxtaposition of broad, traditional Islam and Iran’s tailored Islamic ideology, it aims to further understand the nuances of IRI religious policy and how it has shaped the dynamic social conditions of present day Iran

The effects of continuous vs intermittent oxygen supplementation on repeat sprint cycling performance

The use of handheld cannisters providing supplementary oxygen to use ‘track side’ is becoming popular. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal time to administer oxygen supplementation (O2Supp) during a repeat sprint protocol on cycling performance. Ten male recreationally active University students participated. Testing comprised four visits to the laboratory in a counterbalanced design. Each session entailed ten x 15s repeated sprints interspersed with 45s passive recovery, during which the air inspired was either 100% oxygen (H) or normal air, (N), thus the oxygen content inspired during the sprints and/or the recovery periods, determined the four conditions; NH, HN, HH, NN respectively. It was hypothesised that the HH condition would evoke the largest performance improvements. Repeated measures ANOVA were used to examine the difference between conditions in the outcome measures of mean power (W), rate of power decline (%) and blood lactate (mmol·L-1). There was no significant effect of O2Supp on mean power (W), blood lactate or performance decline (%) (p > .05), although. the HH condition did result in the lowest levels of lactate accumulation and the shallowest decline in performance. The NH and HN conditions resulted a greater decline in performance than both HH and NN. Continuous O2Supp during repeat sprint cycling is more effective on cycling performance, than when it is administered in short repeated bouts. It appears that the rapid changing of oxygen availability may have a detrimental effect on performance. O2Supp can be applied to training programmes that have extended (>1min) periods of recovery

The use of acute oxygen supplementation upon muscle tissue saturation during repeat sprint cycling

This study examined performance and physiological responses (power output, tissue saturation index) to repeat sprint cycling with oxygen supplementation (O2Supp [fraction of inspired oxygen 1.00]). Fourteen amateur male cyclists took part. Two visits to the laboratory entailed; 15min relative intensity warm-up, 10min of passive recovery, followed by 10x15s repeated sprints, during which air inspired had FiO21.00 oxygen or normal air. Outcome measures include, mean power (W) and change in Tissue Saturation Index (ΔTSI%). Repeated measures ANOVA were used to examine difference between conditions in mean power output. Paired samples t-tests were used to examine differences between conditions in ΔTSI (%) and rate of muscle reoxygenation and deoxygenation (%·s-1). Mean power output was 4% higher in the oxygen condition compared to normoxia (p<.01). There was a significant positive correlation between power output and reoxygenation rate during O2Supp (r=0.65, p=.04). No correlation was seen between power output and reoxygenation rate during normoxia (r=-0.30, p=.40). A significantly increased deoxy rate was seen in the O2Supp condition compared to normoxia (p=.05). Oxygen supplementation appears to elicit the greatest performance improvements in mean power, potentially facilitated by an increasing muscle reoxygenation rate. This evidences the utility of oxygen as an ergogenic aid to in cycling performance

The Impact of a Multipronged Intervention to Increase School Lunch Participation among Secondary School Students in an Urban Public School District.

Introduction: Schools meals offer a critical opportunity for improving youths' diets, particularly for economically disadvantaged students. We examine the impact of a multipronged intervention to increase middle and high school students' lunch participation in an urban school district. Methods: In school years 2015-2016 through 2017-2018, a quasi-experimental study was conducted in 24 secondary schools, half (n = 12) of which received the following intervention: cafeteria redesign, additional school lunch points-of-sale (mobile carts and vending machines), and teacher education. Results: From baseline to follow-up, lunch participation dropped 4.1% in intervention and 5.1% in comparison schools (difference-in-difference 1.0%, 95% CI 0.5-1.4). The overall decline in lunch participation occurred simultaneously with a drop-in free or reduced-price meal eligibility (from 72% to 58%) across all schools, which is likely related to changing local economic conditions, including a county-wide minimum wage increase that began in summer 2015. Among students eligible for free or reduced-price meals, participation decreased 1.8% in intervention and 4.9% in comparison schools (difference-in-difference 3.1%, 95% CI: 2.5-3.7), with a larger difference-in-difference seen in high schools (5.0%, 95% CI: 4.2-5.9) than middle schools (1.8%, 95% CI: 0.8-2.6). Conclusions: While this intervention demonstrated a modest, but significant relative increase in school lunch participation, the effect was not sufficient to halt large district-wide declines in participation during this study period. Given the significant time, money, and political capital required to implement the intervention, districts should carefully consider similar investments. Broader public policies or other changes to economic conditions that affect eligibility for means-tested benefits-in this case, a strengthening local economy coupled with an increased local minimum wage-may influence school lunch participation more than school-level interventions

Queering genealogies: introduction to the special section

This special section of Feminist Theory explores the theme of ‘Queering Genealogies’. It brings together work which explores intersections of queering, queerness, biotechnology,kinship relations, genealogy and inter generational relations. It unites two areas of study:queer kinship studies; and queer science studies. The section was edited by Dr Elizabeth Reed and Dr Kate O’Riordan, and our focus is on queer family making, kinship relations,genealogies and networks. The scope of the papers collected here ranges from biotechnologies such as DNA tests, IVF, gamete donation, and surrogacy, to digital media platforms that facilitate new strategic, transitory, and lasting relationships and make experiences of relation, genealogy and kinship. It critically engages with the ways in which kinship, genealogy and generational connection and traditions might be queered. The section contributes to a growing field and intervenes in this work of queer intellectual kinship making through publishing research, which bridges disciplinary areas and creates links between theoretical approaches