36 research outputs found

    (±)-3-Carb­oxy-2-(imidazol-3-ium-1-yl)­propanoate

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    The title compound, C7H8N2O4, crystallizes as a zwitterion, with mol­ecules organized into mol­ecular sheets via carbox­yl–carboxyl­ate and N+—H⋯carboxyl­ate contacts. These sheets are constructed from translationally related mol­ecules that further link to neighboring motifs via π-stacking [centroid–centroid distance 3.504 (3) Å] and weak C—H⋯O contacts

    Conquering the Jet Lag Era: Experiences from Virtual Interdisciplinary Collaboration across Continents

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    Mit der Ausschreibung International Virtual Academic Collaboration (IVAC) verfolgt der FördertrÀger DAAD die Ziele, die Studienangebote an deutschen Hochschulen und deren auslÀndischen Kooperationshochschulen zu flexibilisieren und den Studierenden einen erweiterten Zugang zur internationalen Hochschulbildung zu ermöglichen. In dem geförderten Projekt Collaborative International, Intercultural & Interdisciplinary Learning (COIIIL) zwischen den Partnerinstitutionen Technische UniversitÀt Dresden, Stellenbosch University, Shiraz University und Bucknell University wurden diese Ziele adressiert

    Stochastic microstructure modeling of SOC electrodes based on a pluri-Gaussian method

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    Zugehörige Dateien: https://zenodo.org/records/7744110 https://doi.org/10.1039/D3YA00132F https://doi.org/10.21256/zhaw-28430Digital Materials Design (DMD) offers new possibilities for data-driven microstructure optimization of solid oxide cells (SOC). Despite the progress in 3D-imaging, experimental microstructure investigations are typically limited to only a few tomography analyses. In this publication, a DMD workflow is presented for extensive virtual microstructure variation, which is based on a limited number of real tomography analyses. Real 3D microstructures, which are captured with FIB-tomography from LSTN-CGO anodes, are used as a basis for stochastic modeling. Thereby, digital twins are constructed for each of the three real microstructures. The virtual structure generation is based on the pluri-Gaussian method (PGM). In order to match the properties of selected virtual microstructures (i.e., digital twins) with real structures, the construction parameters for the PGM-model are determined by interpolation of a database of virtual structures. Moreover, the relative conductivities of the phases are optimized with morphological operations. The digital twins are then used as anchor points for virtual microstructure variation of LSTN-CGO anodes, covering a wide range of compositions and porosities. All relevant microstructure properties are determined using our standardized and automated microstructure characterization procedure, which was recently published. The microstructure properties can then e.g., be used as input for a multiphysics electrode model to predict the corresponding anode performances. This set of microstructure properties with corresponding performances is then the basis to provide design guidelines for improved electrodes. The PGM-based structure generation is available as a new Python app for the GeoDict software package

    Standardized microstructure characterization of SOC electrodes as a key element for Digital Materials Design

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    Performance and durability of solid oxide cell (SOC) electrodes are closely linked to their microstructure properties. Thus, the comprehensive characterization of 3D microstructures e.g., obtained by FIB-SEM tomography is essential for SOC electrode optimization. Recent advances and trends call for a standardized and automated microstructure characterization. Advances in FIB-SEM tomography enable the acquisition of more samples, which are also more frequently shared within the research community due to evolving open science concepts. In addition, the emerging methods for Digital Materials Design (DMD) enable to create numerous virtual but realistic microstructure variations using stochastic microstructure modeling. In this publication, a standardized microstructure characterization tool for SOC electrodes is presented, which is implemented as a Python app for the GeoDict software-package. A large number of microstructure characteristics can be determined with this app, which are relevant for the performance of conventional electrodes like Ni-YSZ and for more recent MIEC-based electrodes. The long list of 3D characteristics that can be determined selectively includes morphological characteristics, interface properties and effective transport properties deduced from morphological predictions and from numerical simulations. The extensive possibilities of the standardized microstructure characterization tool are illustrated for a dataset of three LSTN-CGO anode microstructures reconstructed with FIB-SEM tomography and for a dataset of three virtual sphere-packing structures. The automated microstructure characterization is a key element to exploit the full potential of open science, Digital Materials Design (DMD) and artificial intelligence (AI) for the data-driven optimization of SOC electrodes by providing standardized high quality microstructure property data

    Composite conductivity of MIEC-based SOFC anodes : implications for microstructure optimization

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    Fully ceramic anodes such as LSTN-CGO offer some specific advantages compared to conventional cermet anodes. Ceria- and titanate-based phases are both mixed ionic and electronic conductors (MIEC), which leads to very different reaction mechanisms and associated requirements for the microstructure design compared to e.g. Ni-YSZ. Due to the MIEC-property of both solid phases, the transports of neither the electrons nor the oxygen ions are limited to a single phase. As a consequence, composite MIEC electrodes reveal a remarkable property that can be described as ‘composite conductivity’ (for electrons as well as for ions), which is much higher than the (hypothetical) single phase conductivities of the same microstructure. In composite MIEC anodes, the charge carriers can reach the reaction sites even when the volume fraction of one MIEC phase is below the percolation threshold, because the missing contiguity is automatically bridged by the second MIEC phase. The MIEC properties thus open a much larger design space for microstructure optimization of composite electrodes. In this contribution, the composite conductivities of MIEC-based anodes are systematically investigated based on virtual materials testing and stochastic modeling. For this purpose, a large number of 3D microstructures, representing systematic compositional variations of composite anodes, is created by microstructure modeling. The underlying stochastic model is fitted to experimental data from FIB-SEM tomography. For the fitting of the stochastic model, digital twins of the tomography data are created using the methodology of gaussian random fields. By interpolation between and beyond the digital twin compositions, the stochastic model then allows to create numerous virtual 3D microstructures with different compositions, but with realistic properties. The effect of microstructure variation on the composite conductivity is then determined with transport simulations for each 3D microstructure. Furthermore, the corresponding microstructure effects on the cell-performance are determined with a Multiphysics model that describes the anode reaction mechanism. Especially the impact of the composite conductivities on the cell performance is studied in detail. Finally, microstructure design regions are discussed and compared for three different anode materials systems: titanate-CGO (with composite conductivities), Ni-YSZ (with single-phase conductivities), Ni-CGO (with single-phase ionic and composite electronic conductivities)

    New Venture Internationalization: The Role of Venture Capital Types and Reputation

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    This study examines how different types of venture capital relate to new venture internationalization. Using a sample of 646 U.S. new ventures that executed IPOs between 1995 and 2010, we find that ventures with foreign or corporate venture capital have higher levels of international intensity. We also investigate the moderating role of VC reputation on the relationship between foreign venture capital and international intensity and corporate venture capital and international intensity. Our results suggest that VC reputation weakens the positive relationship between corporate VC and international intensity

    Phosphorylfunktionalisierte 1,4-Diaza-1,3-diene als hemilabile Liganden zur Synthese von Übergangsmetallkomplexen

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    α-Diimine haben die FĂ€higkeit starke sigma-Donorbindungen aufzubauen und gleichzeitig als π-Akzeptoren zu fungieren. Damit können sie an eine große Anzahl an Übergangsmetallzentren koordinieren. Durch Funktionalisierung mit einer Phosphanoxid oder -sulfidgruppe können flexible hemilabile Liganden synthetisiert werden, die die Kombination harten und weichen Donorfunktionen vereint. Gepaart mit unterschiedlichen Liganden-RĂŒckgraten, haben diese Liganden die strukturelle Eigenschaft, zwei Metalle in unmittelbarer NĂ€he koordinieren zu können. In dieser Arbeit werden die Bindungseigenschaften dieser Metalle an bekannten, katalytisch aktiven Übergangsmetallzentren analysiert und verglichen. Die Liganden, 1,4-Bis(2-diphenyl-(thio))phosphorylphenyl)-1,4-diaza-2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadien (dab-O/S) und [N,N‘-1,2-Acenaphthylenediyliden(2-diphenyl(thio-)phosphorylphenylamin (bian-O/S) können in einer zweistufigen Templatsynthese aus den Edukten 2-Aminophenylendiphenylphosphanoxid oder -sulfid in guten Ausbeuten synthetisiert werden. Sie koordinieren an einwertiges Kupfer in einer tetraedrischen Koordinationsumgebung deren stark verdrehte und schaukelnde Verzerrung durch die τ4- und Ξx,y,z-Winkelparameter klassifiziert wurde. Mit zweiwertigem Platin gelang die Synthese von monometallischen dab-O- und bian-O-Komplexen und bimetallischen Komplexen mit Zink(II) als zusĂ€tzlichen Metall. Durch 195 Pt-NMR-Spektroskopie konnte gezeigt werden, dass trotz der höheren LewisaciditĂ€t von Zink(II) die Elektronendichte am Platinzentrum erhöht wird. Mit Ruthenium(II) konnten je nach Zugabe eines schwach koordinierenden Anions monometallische Komplexe oder homobimetallische Komplexe synthetisiert werden. Weiterhin konnten Iridium(III), Rhodium(I) und Nickel(II) Komplexe mit den dab-O und bian-O und bian-S Liganden synthetisiert werden. Die Verbindungen wurden neben den gĂ€ngigen Verfahren auch cyclovoltammetrisch, spektroelektrochemisch und durch DFT-Rechnungen untersucht

    Phosphorylfunktionalisierte 1,4-Diaza-1,3-diene als hemilabile Liganden zur Synthese von Übergangsmetallkomplexen

    No full text
    α-Diimine haben die FĂ€higkeit starke sigma-Donorbindungen aufzubauen und gleichzeitig als π-Akzeptoren zu fungieren. Damit können sie an eine große Anzahl an Übergangsmetallzentren koordinieren. Durch Funktionalisierung mit einer Phosphanoxid oder -sulfidgruppe können flexible hemilabile Liganden synthetisiert werden, die die Kombination harten und weichen Donorfunktionen vereint. Gepaart mit unterschiedlichen Liganden-RĂŒckgraten, haben diese Liganden die strukturelle Eigenschaft, zwei Metalle in unmittelbarer NĂ€he koordinieren zu können. In dieser Arbeit werden die Bindungseigenschaften dieser Metalle an bekannten, katalytisch aktiven Übergangsmetallzentren analysiert und verglichen. Die Liganden, 1,4-Bis(2-diphenyl-(thio))phosphorylphenyl)-1,4-diaza-2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadien (dab-O/S) und [N,N‘-1,2-Acenaphthylenediyliden(2-diphenyl(thio-)phosphorylphenylamin (bian-O/S) können in einer zweistufigen Templatsynthese aus den Edukten 2-Aminophenylendiphenylphosphanoxid oder -sulfid in guten Ausbeuten synthetisiert werden. Sie koordinieren an einwertiges Kupfer in einer tetraedrischen Koordinationsumgebung deren stark verdrehte und schaukelnde Verzerrung durch die τ4- und Ξx,y,z-Winkelparameter klassifiziert wurde. Mit zweiwertigem Platin gelang die Synthese von monometallischen dab-O- und bian-O-Komplexen und bimetallischen Komplexen mit Zink(II) als zusĂ€tzlichen Metall. Durch 195 Pt-NMR-Spektroskopie konnte gezeigt werden, dass trotz der höheren LewisaciditĂ€t von Zink(II) die Elektronendichte am Platinzentrum erhöht wird. Mit Ruthenium(II) konnten je nach Zugabe eines schwach koordinierenden Anions monometallische Komplexe oder homobimetallische Komplexe synthetisiert werden. Weiterhin konnten Iridium(III), Rhodium(I) und Nickel(II) Komplexe mit den dab-O und bian-O und bian-S Liganden synthetisiert werden. Die Verbindungen wurden neben den gĂ€ngigen Verfahren auch cyclovoltammetrisch, spektroelektrochemisch und durch DFT-Rechnungen untersucht
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