Tramway et territoire : quel urbain en perspective?

Le tramway est devenu en l’espace de quelques décennies un des outils urbanistiques incontournables dans la production de nouvelles territorialités.  Son rafraîchissement esthétique, prépondérant lors de sa quête de légitimité, lui permet actuellement de se hisser auprès des acteurs politiques comme un référent principal pour l’identité des villes. Tout en s’associant parallèlement à une promotion socio-culturelle, le projet de tramway tend ainsi à réaménager l’espace urbain, voire à y inscrire ses propres directives urbaines. Une nouvelle trame spatiale se dessine alors en filigrane, non toutefois sans amener de multiples interrogations, tant sur sa production urbanistique que paysagère. De plus, souvent érigé au rang d’épine dorsale et s’inscrivant dans une pratique hégémonique, le tramway à lui seul suffit-il pour autant à construire la ville ? Quels autres paramètres peuvent interférer au sein même de cette recherche de nouvelles territorialités ? Cette communication permettra, au cours d’une présentation chronologique des principaux enjeux urbanistiques du tramway, d’aborder les limites de ce dernier, notamment sous le prisme de sa spatialité et des questions paysagères qui lui sont rapportées. Les problématiques ainsi soulevées seront l’occasion d’une part d’élargir notre propre appréhension de l’urbain, et d’autre part, d’évoquer le rattachement paradoxal du tramway à la ville dite « compacte ».The tram has become in a few decades one of the essential urban planning tools to produce news territorialities. Its aesthetic refreshment, essential to establish its legitimacy, leads it to become one of the politicians’ main reference for cities identity. By using social and cultural discourses, the tram project aims to redesign the urban space and to inscribe its own urban guidelines. A new spatial framework emerges between the lines and leads to many questions about its urban production and landscape development. Moreover, often compared to a spine and part of an hegemonic pratice, could the tram be enough to build the city ? What are the other parameters that could take part in this search of new territorialities ? A chronological presentation of the tram’s main urban challenges will allow us to approach its limits, through the prism of its spaciality and its landscape issues. The questions raised will broaden our own apprehension of the city and also evoke the paradoxical link existing between the tram and the “compact” city

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Quand les mots s’invitent en ville : regard sur les œuvres d’art du tramway (France)

The presence of a public art commission around the tram networks confers a new urban identity on cities. Selected works use literature, writing and narrative. Present in stations, distributed on the network, or broadcast by loudspeakers, these interventions follow the users throughout their travels. They offer a singular and new comprehension of cities and public transport. Therefore, they actively serve to participate actively in the construction of an urban literature. These works are more and more appreciated by key players, as they become part of urbanistic directives such as the patrimonialization of urban space or the competitiveness of territories. This contribution will study the city’s and the urban space’s “literary factory,” through the prism of the public art/tram partnership initiative. After an overview of various literary artistic projects, we’ll approach expectations and socio-urbanistic concerns intrinsic to the partnership approach, through the discourse of actors engaged in the project. Finally, we’ll consider the future of such an approach, with respect to the practice of users

The public art/tram partnership : apprehend otherwise urban space

La mise en place d'une commande publique artistique aux abords des lignes de tramway n'a de cesse de faire florès dans l'Hexagone. Présente au cœur des principales agglomérations françaises, nul ne peut rester indifférent face à l'ampleur d'une telle démarche, qui de surcroît soulève bien des questionnements, en premier lieu sur sa propre pertinence urbanistique. En effet, si de cette initiative naît un partenariat original entre un mode de transport urbain faisant peau neuve et un art public se voulant plus que jamais proche des citadins, il est judicieux face à ses résultats contrastés sur le terrain, de se pencher sur son devenir, à la lumière notamment d'une étude urbanistique, sensorielle, sémiotique et philosophique. Ainsi, au détour d'une analyse pluridisciplinaire des projets partenariaux (Paris et Nice entre autres), plusieurs pistes réflexives entendent apporter des éléments de réponse sur cette réussite en demi-teinte. Mais également, proposer de nouvelles perspectives conceptuelles pour consolider et valoriser au mieux cette démarche partenariale, qui ouvre assurément une nouvelle façon de voir, de percevoir et d'appréhender la ville ainsi que les mutations qui l'animent. Elle entend par la même occasion redéfinir les fonctions primaires des deux éléments urbains qui la composent : l'art public et le tramwayThe implementation of a public art commission around the tram lines blooms in France. Present into the main french agglomerations, nobody can remain indifferent in front of the scale of such an approach, which besides raises many questions, including that of its own urbanistic relevance. This initiative certainly gives birth to an original partnership between a facelifted urban transport mode and a public art, which seems to aspire to be closer than ever towards city dwellers. But in front of contrasted results, it would be wise to examinate the future of such a partnership, in the light of an urbanistic, sensory, semiotic and philosophic study. Through a pluridisciplinary analysis of partnership projects (Paris, Nice among others), several lines of approach attempt to bring elements of answer. At the same times, this study proposes a new conceptual perspective for emphasize this partnership, which delivers a new way of seeing and perceiving the city. It redefines the primary functions of the public art and the tram, both urban elements which compose i

Le projet partenarial art public/tramway : pour quel(s) récit(s) de ville ?

Les principales villes françaises disposant d’un réseau de tramway ont agrémenté ce dernier de diverses commandes publiques artistiques. Au-delà du simple « effet de mode », l’effervescence autour de cette pratique conciliant art public et tramway, concourt à instaurer voire à restaurer l’image des villes et par extension leur identité. Pour ce faire, cette démarche partenariale se construit autour d’un processus narratif, au sein duquel les discours officiels participent activement à cette nouvelle appréhension de l’espace urbain. À plus large échelle, les multiples outils communicationnels mis à disposition des acteurs du projet, ainsi que le récit urbain émanant de la démarche partenariale, tendent tous deux à inscrire cette dernière au cœur même d’enjeux urbanistiques propres à des logiques d’attractivité et de compétitivité des territoires. Des enjeux qui interrogent également la position du citadin dans cette mise en récit « promotionnelle » des métropoles.The main French cities have decorated their tram with different public art commissions. Beyond the simple ‘bandwagon effect’, the effervescence around this practice reconciling public art and tram helps to create or restore the image and the identity of the cities. To achieve it, this partnership builds itself around a narrative process, within which the official speeches greatly participate in this new apprehension of the urban space. On a larger scale, the multiple communication tools given to the key players of the project, and the urban narrative coming from the partnership, both aim to place this one at the heart of urbanistic issues. Moreover, these issues question the city-dweller’s place in this ‘promotional’ narrative of metropolises

Le projet art public/tramway : pour une lecture sensible des villes

Part of topic : Ambiances and territories in transformationInternational audiencePresent in the main french agglomerations, the modern tram joins a real city project, renewing the urban space, especially with a sensitive lecture of the territory. Support for the implementation of a public art commission, the initiative public art/tram intends to sketch the city of tomorrow on the urban scale, but also to put the city dweller in a central place. To propose a new writing and reading of the urban space, the aesthetic journey of the tram becomes a sensory and sensitive experience, and leads to the creation of sensitive urban spaces and urban atmospheres, where the body is completely requested

Géographie, Littérature, Territoires

Coordination éditoriale : Marc Galoche