Los Arquetipos Urbanos de Hertzberger para un Espacio Educativo Universitario. Lectura de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo PUCP (1998-2019)

Los Arquetipos Urbanos para el diseño de centros educativos surgen de la teoría de Herman Hertzberger en el 2008, cuando se entiende el edificio como una micro-ciudad visto desde nociones urbanas. Desde los mediados del siglo XX esta forma de interpretar los objetos arquitectónicos destinados a la educación fue madurando, con referencias claras de Aldo Van Eyck. De esta manera, la casa, la calle y la plaza se extrapolan del urbanismo tradicional a la Arquitectura del edificio para encontrar en los entes privados la concentración y apropiación, mientras que en las esferas más públicas dotarlas de características formativas. La presente investigación plantea realizar una lectura desde las bases teóricas de Herman Hertzberger a edificios de educación superior en campuses universitarios para determinar cómo en estos la Forma Arquitectónica tiene impactos en el entorno educativo de nivel superior. Es así que se somete a un análisis comparativo desde la teoría de Hertzberger dos casos de estudio: El edificio ocupado de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la PUCP (2005-2019) y su diseño propuesto por parte de los arquitectos Cooper, Ledgard y Belaunde. El análisis comparativo servirá para concluir de manera más clara cómo repercute en el entorno educativo la forma arquitectónica

Conocimiento de la eutanasia en estudiantes de derecho de la Universidad Peruana los Andes filial Chanchamayo – 2022

La presente tesis tiene como problema: ¿Cuál es el nivel de conocimiento de la eutanasia en los estudiantes de Derecho de la Universidad Peruana Los Andes Filial Chanchamayo en el año 2022? como objetivo se señala: Evaluar el conocimiento de la eutanasia en los estudiantes de Derecho de la Universidad Peruana Los Andes Filial Chanchamayo en el año 2022, así como comprender las perspectivas éticas, morales y legales que tienen sobre este tema controvertido; por lo que en la presente investigación se realizó con enfoque cuantitativo; como método de investigación: Método- Hipotético – Deductivo; Tipo de investigación: Pura o básica; Nivel de investigación Descriptivo- simple; Diseño de investigación: No experimental, de corte transversal –correlacional; la población y muestra es de 200 estudiantes de derecho de la Filial Chanchamayo de la Universidad Peruana Los Andes; teniendo como conclusión: Los resultados muestran que existe una base de conocimientos sobre la eutanasia entre los estudiantes de derecho de la UPLA-filial Chanchamayo, y que hay una diversidad de perspectivas éticas, morales y legales sobre este tema en el contexto peruano. Estos hallazgos respaldan la importancia de seguir promoviendo la educación y el debate informado sobre la eutanasia en la facultad de derecho, para que los futuros profesionales estén bien preparados para abordar y analizar cuestiones legales y éticas complejas relacionadas con este tema en su ejercicio profesional

Construcci?n de la presa de agua San Gabriel

Cuando se genera un proyecto, este no solo debe enfocar en generar ingresos a la misma empresa, este tambi?n debe buscar beneficiar a los pobladores y comunidades cercanas que est?n viviendo lim?trofe a estos grandes proyectos. Es por eso que Buenaventura desea implementar su gran proyecto de la presa de agua San Gabriel, que tiene como principal funci?n beneficiar a los agricultores de la zona que van a poder gozar de agua hasta en momentos de sequ?a para sus cultivos. Otro de los grandes beneficiarios ser?an los ganadores de las zonas, los cuales van a poder contar con agua para sus reba?os y estos no ser afectados por las ?pocas de sequ?a. Y finalmente esta misma agua ser? utilizada en menor cantidad por la mina San Gabriel, en el cual ser? utilizado para su planta de procesos

A subpopulation of monocytes in normal human blood has significant magnetic susceptibility : quantification and potential implications

The presence of iron in circulating monocytes is well known as they play essential roles in iron recycling. Also, the storage of this metal as well as its incorrect uptake and/or release are important data to diagnose different pathologies. It has been demonstrated that iron storage in human blood cells can be measured through their magnetic behavior with high accuracy; however, the magnetic characteristics of monocytes have not been reported so far to the best of our knowledge. Therefore, in this work, we report, for the first time, the physical and magnetic properties of human monocytes, along with plasma platelets, oxyhemoglobin red blood cells (oxyHb‐RBCs), and methemoglobin red blood cells (metHb‐RBCs). The different cell populations were separated by Ficoll‐density gradient centrifugation, followed by a flow sorting step to isolate monocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The different fractions were analyzed by Coulter Counter (for determining the size distribution and concentration) and the sorted monocytes were qualitatively analyzed on ImageStream, a state‐of‐the‐art imaging cytometer. The analysis of the Coulter Counter and ImageStream data suggests that although there exists contamination in the monocyte fraction, the integrity of the sorted monocytes appears to be intact and the concentration was high enough to precisely measure their magnetic velocity by Cell Tracking Velocimetry. Surprisingly, monocytes reported the highest magnetic mobility from the four fractions under analysis, with an average magnetic velocity 7.8 times higher than MetHb‐RBCs, which is the only type of cells with positive magnetic velocities. This value is equivalent to a susceptibility 2.5 times higher than the value reported by fresh MetHb‐RBCs. It should be noted that this is the first study that reports that a subpopulation of human monocytes is much more magnetic than MetHb‐RBCs, opening the door to the possible isolation of human monocytes by label‐free magnetic techniques. Further, it is suggested that these magnetic monocytes could “contaminate” positively selected, immunomagnetically labeled blood cells (i.e., during a process using magnetically conjugated antibodies targeting cells, such as CD34 positive cells). Conversely, these magnetic monocytes could be inadvertently removed from a desired blood population when one is using a negative magnetic isolation technique to target cells for removal.The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (1R01HL131720-01A1) and DARPA (BAA07-21).https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/155249302020-05-01hj2019BiochemistryGeneticsMicrobiology and Plant PathologyPlant Production and Soil Scienc

"Estrategia para la detección de tipos de enfermedades oculares usando red neuronal SOM"

"This research aims to cover a need to be able to classify according to the funds of eyes in diabetic retinopathy disease, how to convert to gray tone, perform an equalization, apply the canny edge highlighting algorithm and apply morphological operations so that a SOM (self-organization ma p ) neural network can be entered and classified. To achieve this, it is classified as 0 to diabetic retinopathy, 1 to glaucoma and 3 to healthy eyes. To corroborate this strategy, a public database of Fundus-images has been taken, being 45 images of eyes for training and for tests 15 images that were not part of the training were used and for the tests 3 images that were not part of the training were used and each grayscale image is scaled to a dimension of 256x256 pixels, managing to demonstrate with this strategy an affectivity of 93.7% certainty in the identification of class of eye disease

Measurement of the effectiveness of an educational program inspired by indigenous knowledge for forest management, applied to Forest Engineering students at the National University of Central Peru, using the neutrosophic 2-tuple linguistic method

The “guide to Asháninka knowledge for forest management” is a document prepared by academics and scientists from the National University of Central Peru (NUCP) in the Faculty of Forestry Engineering, which includes the knowledge of this indigenous people about forest nature. Despite being ancestral knowledge, we believe that it can serve as a complement to the scientific study of the subject since it is based on knowledge accumulated over centuries of experience. The main purpose of this article is to determine the influence of the “Ashaninka knowledge guide for forest management” on the learning level of NUCP Forest Engineering students. To accomplish these objectives, Asháninka knowledge was compiled, and the learning guide was designed and applied to the students. 36 students from the faculty were taken as part of the study, to whom two tests were administered, one before studying the guide and another after. The tests consisted of questionnaires on knowledge about the guide and the forests. A neutrosophic linguistic scale was used for respondents to answer both tests. The advantage of this methodology is that experts could evaluate more easily with the help of natural language, in addition to the fact that the incorporation of neutrosophy helps to take into account indeterminacy and therefore there is more accuracy. Specifically, the Neutrosophic 2-tuple linguistic method was used. The results were converted to crisp numbers and the evaluations of the two tests were compared with the help of the Wilcoxon test

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution