Calcaneal fractures: Where are we now?

This review article on the current management for calcaneal fractures discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different treatment options including the problems encountered. Controversies are described and the evidence reviewed. The management of some types of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures remains contentious; is there a preferred stabilisation method for each type of calcaneal fracture? How constant is the "constant fragment" in an intra-articular calcaneal fracture and what is the evidence for primary arthrodesis and what is its place in these fractures

Effect of the Nuclear Factors EmBP1 and Viviparous1 on the Transcription of the Em Gene in HeLa Nuclear Extracts

Templates constructed from the wheat Em and maize rab28 promoters are efficiently and accurately transcribed in the well-characterized cell-free transcription system prepared from HeLa nuclei. Deletion analysis of the Em promoter indicates that a G-box (CACGTG) element (Em1b) is required for transcription. USF, a Myc transcription factor in HeLa nuclear extracts, activates transcription by binding to Em1b, as shown by the ability of an antibody raised against USF to inhibit transcription and to interfere with Em1b complex formation in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The addition of the recombinant Viviparous1 protein from maize to HeLa nuclear extracts specifically stimulated transcription of the Em promoter but was dependent on the presence of USF in the extract. In USF-depleted extracts, the addition of recombinant EmBP1, a basic leucine zipper transcription factor from wheat, activated transcription through Em1b as well as from a similar G-box in the adenovirus major late promoter. Our study demonstrates that the basic transcriptional apparatus in HeLa nuclear extract supports transcription from plant promoters and can be used to assay the function of certain plant nuclear proteins, thereby helping to determine their effects on transcription

Disaster Risk Management through Community Participation A Case Study of Ampara Coastal Area, Sri Lanka

Many large and small scale disasters such as landslides, floods, droughts,cyclones, epidemics, etc., have caused thousands of human deaths, displaced millions ofpeople and caused devastating impacts to the socio-economy and environment of SriLanka in the past and will probably do so in the future. Historically, disasters have beensupposed as isolated events and responded with „emergency relief‟ as the standardremedy after a disaster. Although, there were some disaster management initiativesearlier, they were mostly reactive emphasizing relief and recovery rather than proactivewith damage prevention or minimization strategies. Community participation in disasterrisk management efforts were not regarded as essential before, until 2004 tsunamidisaster. Therefore, this research study endeavors to analyze the communityparticipation in disaster risk management efforts in Ampara coastal region before andafter the 2004 December tsunami. The data and information for the research study wascollected through primary and secondary data collection methods and primary datacollection includes open-ended questionnaires and interviews. Qualitative datacollection method was mainly employed to achieve the objectives of the present study.Many disaster risk management efforts and strategies came into Ampara coastalareas immediately after the devastating impacts of 2004 December tsunami as thisregion became the hardest hit region of the country. Most of these programmes wereinitiated mainly with the participation of the local and vulnerable communities andcommunity groups like school children, elders, women, fishermen, security forces,religious leaders, journalists, etc., with the involvement of other stakeholders likegovernmental organizations, grass-root organizations and INGOs. Disaster riskmanagement through sports, religion, school drama, exhibition, disaster mapping, mockgrills and evacuation programmes were some of the main programmes that wereintimated by both governmental organizations and INGOs in the area.The study shows that community participation in disaster risk management andresilience programmes was very high immediately after the 2004 tsunami disaster.However, there has been a decreasing trend in the community participation afterwardsdue to several reasons. Further, study reveals that local people had been used andpracticed their own traditional knowledge and methods in disaster risk management inthe past. However, they have received a proper knowledge and training especially after2004 tsunami disaster.Key words: Disaster, Risk, Participation, Vulnerable and resilience

Conventional Organic Solvents And Ionic Liquid Mediated Synthesis Of New Azomethine Compounds As Potent Cholinesterase Inhibitors

Lima siri terbitan baru azometan telah disintesis melalui kondensasi tindak balas antara benzaldehid tentukarganti dan terbitan amino masing-masig dalam etanol suatu pelarut organik konvensional dan pelarut ionik hijau, 1-butil-3-metilimidazolium bromida ([bmim]Br). Five new series of azomethine derivatives were synthesized by condensation of substituted benzaldehydes and amino derivatives in ethanol a conventional organic solvents and a green ionic solvent, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([bmim]Br), respectively

TINJAUAN FIQH JINAYAH TERHADAP PENCURIAN ALIRAN LISTRIK NEGARA MENURUT UNDANG - UNDANG NOMOR 30 TAHUN 2009 TENTANG KETENAGALISTRIKAN

Sanksi yang di berlakukan terhadap pencurian aliran listrik diantaranya,kurungan selama 3 bulan, denda sebanyak Rp.10.000.000, (sepuluh juta rupiah) pencabutan hak dalam pemasangan listrik, Pemutusan secara tidak hormat oleh petugas PLN, Pemecatan bagi pegawai yang melakukan tindakan pencurian aliran listrik tersebut. 2. Adapun tinjauan Fiqh Jinayah terhadap sanksi pencurian aliran listrik dalam tindak pidana ini bisa digolongkan pada jarimah hudud yang dikenai hukuman had, akan tetapi setiap jarimah dalam Fiqh Jinayah, meskipun hukumannya telah ditetapkan oleh syara’ tetapi apabila tidak memenuhi syarat untuk dikenakan hukuman had maka hukumannya ta’zir. Adapun sanksi ataupun hukuman ta’zir disini adalah berupa kurungan selama 3 bulan, denda sebanyak Rp.10.000.000,-(sepuluh juta rupiah), pencabutan hak dan pemasangan listrik, pemutusan secara tidak hormat oleh petugas PLN,pemecatan bagi pegawai yang melakukan tindakan pencurian aliran listrik tersebut

Isolation and characterisation of ascomycetes isolated from Eurycoma longifolia Jack and Malay traditional vegetables

Plants are the most common host for fungal communities. However, vegetables and herbs traditionally consumed by the Malay community have not been thoroughly investigated for their association with fungi. The main objective of the present study is to identify the Ascomycetes fungi associated with Eurycoma longifolia Jack and vegetables traditionally consumed by the Malay community. In the present study, we isolated and identified 34 isolates of the Ascomycetes fungi obtained from five traditional vegetables (Oenanthe javanica, Cosmos caudatus, Persicaria odorata, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus and Cantella asiatica) and Eurycoma longifolia Jack. The isolates are identified as eight species, which are Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium solani, Penicillium paraherquei and Trichoderma asperellum. Aspergillus and Fusarium are dominant among the isolated fungi. This report provides additional information on the diversity of fungi isolated from traditional vegetables and Eurycoma longifolia based on the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequence analysis

Modulatory and Toxicological Perspectives on the Effects of the Small Molecule Kinetin

Plant hormones are small regulatory molecules that exert pharmacological actions in mammalian cells such as anti-oxidative and pro-metabolic effects. Kinetin belongs to the group of plant hormones cytokinin and has been associated with modulatory functions in mammalian cells. The mammalian adenosine receptor (A2a-R) is known to modulate multiple physiological responses in animal cells. Here, we describe that kinetin binds to the adenosine receptor (A2a-R) through the Asn253 residue in an adenosine dependent manner. To harness the beneficial effects of kinetin for future human use, we assess its acute toxicity by analyzing different biochemical and histological markers in rats. Kinetin at a dose below 1 mg/kg had no adverse effects on the serum level of glucose or on the activity of serum alanine transaminase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes in the kinetin treated rats. Whereas, creatinine levels increased after a kinetin treatment at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg. Furthermore, 5 mg/kg treated kinetin rats showed normal renal corpuscles, but a mild degeneration was observed in the renal glomeruli and renal tubules, as well as few degenerated hepatocytes were also observed in the liver. Kinetin doses below 5 mg/kg did not show any localized toxicity in the liver and kidney tissues. In addition to unraveling the binding interaction between kinetin and A2a-R, our findings suggest safe dose limits for the future use of kinetin as a therapeutic and modulatory agent against various pathophysiological conditions

Evaluation of IR Spectral Analysis and Dyeing Parameters for Plasma and /or Nano-Silver Treatments of Polyester and Nylon Fabrics

In our work of this paper, we study the effect of surface modification of polyester and nylon fabrics induced by DC plasma discharge and/ or nano-siliver treatments .DC plasma discharge was employed at first, as a function of plasma device parameters including different time, different current and different hydrostatic pressure using chemically inert working gas: argon or nitrogen. Optimization of the performance of the applied DC plasma discharge with various applied conditions were performed using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) Spectroscopy spectral analysis, by following up the changes in the peak intensity values of the characteristic functional groups that characterize polyester fabric. Then the dyeing properties of different pretreated fabrics with plasma by the best conditions are subjected to nano-silver treatment by concentration 50 ppm under the effect of different dye concentrations, different dyeing temperature and different dyeing time. Finally, the fastness properties to light and washing for the treated samples were studied. The results obtained showed that both of the dyeing parameters and fastness properties were highly improved by the treatment of fabrics by either individual plasma treatment or combined DC cold plasma and nano-silver treatments

Influence of certain carbon and nitrogen sources on antagonistic potentiality of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus subtillus against Botrytis allii the incitant of onion neck rot

Gliotoxin Fermentation Agar (GFA) Medium and Nutrient Glucose Agar   (NGA) medium with different carbon and nitrogen sources were used to study the impact of carbon and nitrogen sources on Trichoderma harzianum Rifai and Bacillus subtillus Cohn antagonistic efficiency against growth of Botrytis allii Munn. Results indicated that Trichoderma harzianum gave the highest inhibition % in growth of Botrytis allii when Sucrose was used as a carbon source while the lowest values of inhibition% were appeared by application of Mannitol as a carbon source. Trichoderma harzianum gave the highest inhibition% in growth of B.allii when use Potassium nitrate  as a nitrogen source while the lowest values of inhibition% in growth of B.allii were obtained by application of Beef extract as a nitrogen source. Results showed also that Bacillus subtillus gave the highest inhibition% in growth of B.allii when Mannitol was used as a carbon source while the lowest values of inhibition% in growth of B.allii were appeared by application of Sucrose as a carbon source. Bacillus subtillus gave the highest inhibition% in growth of B.allii when use Glutamic acid as a nitrogen source while the lowest values of inhibition% in growth of B.allii were appeared by application of Tryptophan as a nitrogen source.

Optimal biomass transportation model

The transportation represents a key proportion of the operational cost for the biomass industries worldwide. As biomasses are mainly carried by trucks for parts of the transportation, the focus of this paper is on the transport of treated and untreated biomass (rice husk, empty fruit bunch, and woody biomass) by large, medium and small trucks. The objectives were to formulate biomass transportation model for transporting treated and untreated biomass resources and to obtain optimal result for selecting the best transportation mode. By screening of biomass types, locations for treated and untreated biomass resources and screening of suitable transportation mode used, the important model parameters were obtained and linear programming for minimizing overall transportation costs was formulated. General Algebraic Modelling System (GAMS) software was used to solve the optimization formulations. From the optimization result obtained by using GAMS, large truck was selected to be the best transportation mode for treated, untreated and hybrid biomass since it showed minimal overall transportation cost