Les motifs sonores dans la littérature africaine europhone : exemple et jalons théoriques dans une perspective traductive

Si personne ne conteste le fait que les littératures africaines sont hybrides, ni qu’elles reflètent une situation de diglossie, on ne s’intéresse encore que partiellement à l’esthétique de l’oralité dans ces littératures. Il est clair, cependant, que cette esthétique est ancrée dans des pratiques socioculturelles et linguistiques et qu’elle peut constituer un geste politique. Dans cet article, il sera question des enjeux esthétiques d’un texte hybride dans une perspective traductive, à partir du cas particulier de Sardines, quatrième roman de Nuruddin Farah, auteur somalien d’expression anglaise. Plus précisément, l’objectif consistera à montrer de quelle manière la langue orale et ses composantes formelles traditionnelles informent l’écriture de l’auteur. Une réflexion s’articulera ensuite autour de la réactivation de cette oralité dans son acception de « dimension sonore », que je propose d’envisager comme vecteur de signifiance, au sens bermanien du terme. À cette fin, le concept de traduction cratyléenne proposé par Ryan Fraser sera examiné.While the hybridity and diglossia of African literatures are accepted realities within the field of postcolonial translation studies, the aesthetics of African literary orality has yet to be explored to the same degree. Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated that the oral aesthetic’s socio-cultural and linguistic roots can take on a political dimension. This article will explore the aesthetic issues of a hybrid text from a translation studies perspective with Sardines, the fourth English-language novel of Somali writer Nuruddin Farah. This essay will demonstrate how orality and its traditional formal elements shape Farah’s writing. In addition, it will look at the vocal and aural dimensions of orality as a Bermanian vecteur de signifiance, supported by Ryan Fraser’s concept of Cratylian translation

Traduire les réseaux métaphoriques chez Nuruddin Farah

Cet article analyse les enjeux de la traduction de réseaux métaphoriques dans le roman Sardines de l’auteur somalien d’expression anglaise Nuruddin Farah. Il tente dans un premier temps de mettre en évidence la fonction des réseaux métaphoriques à l’échelle du roman original puis, dans un second temps, d’explorer les enjeux de leur traduction en proposant des pistes de réflexion. Au-delà de cet objectif, cette étude s’efforce de mettre en évidence d’autres types de réseaux sous-tendant l’écriture de Farah et que le traducteur littéraire peut difficilement ignorer s’il veut rendre un juste hommage aux réalités linguistiques, poétiques et socioculturelles auxquelles l’auteur a puisé. Pour ce faire, cet article s’appuie notamment sur les approches théoriques des traductologues Barbara Folkart et Antoine Berman, et ouvrira sur des suggestions plus générales pour la traduction de réseaux en littérature.This paper aims to examine the challenges at stake when translating metaphor networks in Sardines, a novel by the English-speaking Somali writer Nuruddin Farah. Its purpose is, on one hand, to underline the function of metaphor networks within the original novel, and, on the other hand, to explore the challenge of their translation and to give some thought to it. Beyond this aim, this work will attempt to reveal links with other types of networks within Farah’s writing that the literary translator willing to pay tribute to the East-African linguistic, poetic, social and cultural realities that inspired the novel can hardly ignore. To do so, this paper relies on the concepts developed by – among others – translation studies scholars Antoine Berman and Barbara Folkart, and will suggest new avenues on a broader scale for translating networks in literature

Ignition mechanism in nanocomposites thermites

Nanocomposite thermites (n-thermites) have been actively investigated for a wide range of potential applications including propellants, explosives, and pyrotechnics. There have been several recent efforts aimed at understanding ignition mechanisms of nanocomposite reactive materials. Although significant progress has been made, ignition mechanisms remain elusive. At the same time, a robust ignition model is required to incorporate these materials in practical energetic formulations. A challenge of this effort is to describe the mechanisms of ignition of n-thermites prepared by Arrested Reactive Milling (ARM) with different stimuli, including heat, spark and impact and also develop a multi-step kinetic model describing different processes affecting ignition. The role of thermally initiated heterogeneous exothermic reactions is evaluated and the effect of decomposition of oxidizer and respective oxygen gas release on ignition is described. N-thermite powders are prepared by ARM and evaluated using thermal analysis, electron microscopy and other analytical techniques. Experimental studies of ignition of n-thermites stimulated by heating, electric spark and impact are conducted with the goal of developing a reaction model capable of describing different experimental data sets. State of the art thermo-analytical equipment and advanced isoconversion methods are used to describe stability and redox reaction mechanisms in the prepared samples. Multiple reaction steps are identified and described quantitatively. Thin layers of the prepared powders coated onto an electrically heated Ni-Cr filament are ignited at heating rates between 200-17000 K/s in a miniature vacuum chamber. Ignition is monitored based on both photodiode and pressure transducer signals recorded simultaneously. For spark-induced ignition, powder layers of different thickness are placed in a grounded brass holder. A needle-like electrode is placed above the powder and sparks with different energies are produced. Real time measurements of current and optical signatures produced by the ignited sample at different wavelengths are taken. The results are processed to determine the spark energy, minimum ignition energy, ignition delay, and other parameters. Shock ignition of nanocomposite 8Al-MoO3 thermite particles are independently carried out at the University of Illinois Urbana Champaign. An individual particle is targeted by a miniature, laser-driven flyer plate accelerated to a speed in the range of 0.5-2 km/s. Ignition delays observed in both shock and spark ignition experiments for the same material are close to each other and vary in the range of 120 - 200 ns. A reaction mechanism including multiple oxidation steps starting with the Cabrera-Mott (CM) reaction followed by direct oxidative growth of and phase changes in different alumina polymorphs is validated for a stoichiometric 2Al-3CuO nanocomposite powder prepared by ARM. The reaction kinetics describing these reaction steps are shown to remain credible for the ARM-prepared reactive composites with different scales of mixing, interface morphologies, and component ratios, as long as the components remained Al and CuO. This work presents a further validation and development of this multistep model to describe reaction in another ARM-prepared thermite system, 8Al-MoO3

Penegakan Hukum terhadap Kasus Perbuatan Main Hakim Sendiri (Eigenrichting) di Wilayah Hukum Kepolisian Sektor Cerenti

Every Indonesian citizens were equal before the law even if someone is a perpetrator, so that legislation prohibits any act of vigilantism (eigenrichting) conducted by the public against criminals. The act of vigilantism (eigenrichting) occurs due to lack of disbelief law enforcement community will be added again weak public awareness of the law itself. Acts of vigilantism in our criminal law is not specifically regulated, but the perpetrators could use the existing provisions in the Criminal Code. Therefore it is necessary to conduct law enforcement vigilante (eigenrichting). But law enforcement against acts of vigilantism (eigenrichting) in the Police Sector jurisdiction Cerenti do not maximized.As for the purpose of this research was to determine the factors that cause people to do acts of vigilantism (eigenrichting) in the jurisdiction of the Police Sector Cerenti, then to determine the constraints on law enforcement in cases of acts of vigilantism (eigenrichting) in the jurisdiction of Police Cerenti sector, as well as to know what is being done to overcome the obstacles in law enforcement against acts of vigilantism (eigenrichting) in the jurisdiction of the Police Sector Cerenti.This study is included in the juridical sociological research that is consistent with the fact that life in society. While the nature of this research is descriptive that provides a clear and detailed picture of the problems studied. The data used is primary data obtained directly from the field, as well as secondary data derived from primary legal materials, secondary and tertiary. Means of data collection is done by interviews, questionnaires, and review of the literature. In the analyzes carried out by means of qualitative and deductive method of thinking.The result of this study is that the cause of the community vigilante acts are due to lack of public confidence terhadapa law enforcement officers, and the weak level of awareness of society itself against the law. The constraints faced by law enforcement in cases of vigilante action is due to insufficient numbers of police personnel Cerenti sector, as well as the concerns of the Police Sector Cerenti in implementing the rule of law. The efforts made to overcome such obstacles Polsek- always coordinate with the nearest police station in order to cover the amount of personnel is lacking, as well as motivation memmberikan to the apparatus to be more propesional and are not afraid to carry out their duties.Keywords: Law Enforcement - Eigenrichting - Offenc

ADAT PEMBAGIAN WARISAN PADA MASYARAKAT SUKU BAJO DI DESA TERAPUNG KECAMATAN MAWASANGKA KABUPATEN BUTON TENGAH

Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui: 1) objek yang menjadi warisan yang tidak dapat dibagi dan warisan yang dapat dibagi, 2) bagaimana mekanisme pembagian warisan menurut aturan adat pada masyarakat suku Bajo di Desa Terapung Kecamatan Mawasangka Kabupaten Buton Tengah. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah jenis penelitian deskriptif dengan analisis kualitataif, Subjek penelitian ini berjumlah 5 orang yang terdiri dari 1 orang tokoh adat, 1 orang tokoh agama, kepala desa dan 3 orang masyarakat yang menjadi ahli waris. Tehnik pengumpulan data yaitu: observasi, wawancara dan dokumenter. Kesimpulan adat pembagian warisan pada masyarakat suku Bajo di Desa Terapung Kecamatan Mawasangka Kabupaten Buton Tengah dalam penelitian ini adalah: 1) objek warisan yang tidak dapat dibagi adalah bendera ula-ula, gendang, gong, gecong, jabatan adat dan ilmu ghaib. Objek warisan yang dapat dibagi berupa tanah, hewan ternak, sebagian dasar penghidupan seperti perhiasan emas, perabotan  rumah, alat perlengkapan memancing. 2) mekanisme pembagian waris yang berlaku menggunakan cara musyawarah, waktu pembagian warisan tidak ditentukan, warisan dibagikan ketika kedua orang tua meninggal dunia, terlebih dahulu dilakukan penyelesaian utang-utang pewaris, warisan antara laki-laki dan perempuan sama besarnya, anak angkat dan anak tiri mendapatkan warisan berdasarkan kesepakatan antara ahli wari