Traduire les réseaux métaphoriques chez Nuruddin Farah

Cet article analyse les enjeux de la traduction de réseaux métaphoriques dans le roman Sardines de l’auteur somalien d’expression anglaise Nuruddin Farah. Il tente dans un premier temps de mettre en évidence la fonction des réseaux métaphoriques à l’échelle du roman original puis, dans un second temps, d’explorer les enjeux de leur traduction en proposant des pistes de réflexion. Au-delà de cet objectif, cette étude s’efforce de mettre en évidence d’autres types de réseaux sous-tendant l’écriture de Farah et que le traducteur littéraire peut difficilement ignorer s’il veut rendre un juste hommage aux réalités linguistiques, poétiques et socioculturelles auxquelles l’auteur a puisé. Pour ce faire, cet article s’appuie notamment sur les approches théoriques des traductologues Barbara Folkart et Antoine Berman, et ouvrira sur des suggestions plus générales pour la traduction de réseaux en littérature.This paper aims to examine the challenges at stake when translating metaphor networks in Sardines, a novel by the English-speaking Somali writer Nuruddin Farah. Its purpose is, on one hand, to underline the function of metaphor networks within the original novel, and, on the other hand, to explore the challenge of their translation and to give some thought to it. Beyond this aim, this work will attempt to reveal links with other types of networks within Farah’s writing that the literary translator willing to pay tribute to the East-African linguistic, poetic, social and cultural realities that inspired the novel can hardly ignore. To do so, this paper relies on the concepts developed by – among others – translation studies scholars Antoine Berman and Barbara Folkart, and will suggest new avenues on a broader scale for translating networks in literature

Les motifs sonores dans la littérature africaine europhone : exemple et jalons théoriques dans une perspective traductive

Si personne ne conteste le fait que les littératures africaines sont hybrides, ni qu’elles reflètent une situation de diglossie, on ne s’intéresse encore que partiellement à l’esthétique de l’oralité dans ces littératures. Il est clair, cependant, que cette esthétique est ancrée dans des pratiques socioculturelles et linguistiques et qu’elle peut constituer un geste politique. Dans cet article, il sera question des enjeux esthétiques d’un texte hybride dans une perspective traductive, à partir du cas particulier de Sardines, quatrième roman de Nuruddin Farah, auteur somalien d’expression anglaise. Plus précisément, l’objectif consistera à montrer de quelle manière la langue orale et ses composantes formelles traditionnelles informent l’écriture de l’auteur. Une réflexion s’articulera ensuite autour de la réactivation de cette oralité dans son acception de « dimension sonore », que je propose d’envisager comme vecteur de signifiance, au sens bermanien du terme. À cette fin, le concept de traduction cratyléenne proposé par Ryan Fraser sera examiné.While the hybridity and diglossia of African literatures are accepted realities within the field of postcolonial translation studies, the aesthetics of African literary orality has yet to be explored to the same degree. Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated that the oral aesthetic’s socio-cultural and linguistic roots can take on a political dimension. This article will explore the aesthetic issues of a hybrid text from a translation studies perspective with Sardines, the fourth English-language novel of Somali writer Nuruddin Farah. This essay will demonstrate how orality and its traditional formal elements shape Farah’s writing. In addition, it will look at the vocal and aural dimensions of orality as a Bermanian vecteur de signifiance, supported by Ryan Fraser’s concept of Cratylian translation

Penegakan Hukum terhadap Kasus Perbuatan Main Hakim Sendiri (Eigenrichting) di Wilayah Hukum Kepolisian Sektor Cerenti

Every Indonesian citizens were equal before the law even if someone is a perpetrator, so that legislation prohibits any act of vigilantism (eigenrichting) conducted by the public against criminals. The act of vigilantism (eigenrichting) occurs due to lack of disbelief law enforcement community will be added again weak public awareness of the law itself. Acts of vigilantism in our criminal law is not specifically regulated, but the perpetrators could use the existing provisions in the Criminal Code. Therefore it is necessary to conduct law enforcement vigilante (eigenrichting). But law enforcement against acts of vigilantism (eigenrichting) in the Police Sector jurisdiction Cerenti do not maximized.As for the purpose of this research was to determine the factors that cause people to do acts of vigilantism (eigenrichting) in the jurisdiction of the Police Sector Cerenti, then to determine the constraints on law enforcement in cases of acts of vigilantism (eigenrichting) in the jurisdiction of Police Cerenti sector, as well as to know what is being done to overcome the obstacles in law enforcement against acts of vigilantism (eigenrichting) in the jurisdiction of the Police Sector Cerenti.This study is included in the juridical sociological research that is consistent with the fact that life in society. While the nature of this research is descriptive that provides a clear and detailed picture of the problems studied. The data used is primary data obtained directly from the field, as well as secondary data derived from primary legal materials, secondary and tertiary. Means of data collection is done by interviews, questionnaires, and review of the literature. In the analyzes carried out by means of qualitative and deductive method of thinking.The result of this study is that the cause of the community vigilante acts are due to lack of public confidence terhadapa law enforcement officers, and the weak level of awareness of society itself against the law. The constraints faced by law enforcement in cases of vigilante action is due to insufficient numbers of police personnel Cerenti sector, as well as the concerns of the Police Sector Cerenti in implementing the rule of law. The efforts made to overcome such obstacles Polsek- always coordinate with the nearest police station in order to cover the amount of personnel is lacking, as well as motivation memmberikan to the apparatus to be more propesional and are not afraid to carry out their duties.Keywords: Law Enforcement - Eigenrichting - Offenc

Axes et critères de la créativité en traduction

L’on voudrait que la traduction soit considérée comme une création ; or toutes les traductions ne sont pas créatives. Dans quelle mesure et en quoi y a-t-il création en traduction ? Les approches cognitives permettent de faire la lumière sur l’élaboration du sens et de la forme en traduction, et de préciser la notion de créativité. Des modèles sont issus des théories et des études empiriques sur la question. Nous chercherons à les discuter à la lumière des résultats de nos propres observations. Nous proposons un modèle de la créativité qui intègre la compréhension et la réécriture : une double hélice traversée par cinq axes (formel, sémantique, référentiel, narratif et traductologique) pour rendre compte des différents niveaux sur lesquels s’exerce la créativité. Le cas particulier de la traduction littéraire sera aussi discuté. Finalement, nous dégagerons quelques critères de la créativité.Translators and translators’ associations all proclaim that translations are creations; though, not all translations are creative and no translation can be said to be creative from start to finish. What is the real extent of creativity in translation? That’s what this paper wants to address. Cognitive approaches in translation studies have shown how meaning and form are processed and how creative solutions emerge during the translation task. Theoretical and empirical studies on creativity have provided useful models that we want to discuss. We suggest that translational creativity is two-pronged as it works on comprehension and rewriting, and is multidimensional as it encompasses various operations at different levels. A double helix model crossed by five axes (formal, semantic, referential, narrative, translational) will be presented and illustrated without omitting the special situation of literary translation. Creativity criteria will be proposed

RNA editing generates cellular subsets with diverse sequence within populations

RNA editing is a mutational mechanism that specifically alters the nucleotide content in transcribed RNA. However, editing rates vary widely, and could result from equivalent editing amongst individual cells, or represent an average of variable editing within a population. Here we present a hierarchical Bayesian model that quantifies the variance of editing rates at specific sites using RNA-seq data from both single cells, and a cognate bulk sample to distinguish between these two possibilities. The model predicts high variance for specific edited sites in murine macrophages and dendritic cells, findings that we validated experimentally by using targeted amplification of specific editable transcripts from single cells. The model also predicts changes in variance in editing rates for specific sites in dendritic cells during the course of LPS stimulation. Our data demonstrate substantial variance in editing signatures amongst single cells, supporting the notion that RNA editing generates diversity within cellular populations