Buffered 1% Lidocaine With Epinephrine Can Be as Effective as Nonbuffered 2% Lidocaine With Epinephrine for Maxillary Field Block

Buffering local anesthetics with epinephrine (Epi) offers clinicians options not often considered. This study assessed outcomes for pulpal anesthesia, pain on injection, and time to midface numbness for buffered 1% lidocaine with 1:100,000 Epi versus nonbuffered 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 Epi. In this trial with a randomized, crossover design, buffered 1% lidocaine was compared with nonbuffered 2% lidocaine. Subjects were adult volunteers who served as their own controls. The predictor variables were alternate drug formulations. The outcome variables were subjects' responses to cold and electric pulp testing (EPT) stimulation of the maxillary first molar and canine, pain levels during the injection, and time to midface numbness. After maxillary field blocks with 40 mg of buffered lidocaine or 80 mg of nonbuffered lidocaine, subjects reported pain on injection and responses of the maxillary first molar and canine after cold and EPT stimulation. Teeth were tested before field block and at 30-minute intervals until a positive response was detected. Two weeks later, subjects were tested with the alternate drug combinations. For all outcome variables, assessment of treatment difference, calculated as 1% buffered minus 2% nonbuffered, was performed with the Wilcoxon rank sum test with significance at P < .05. More of the 24 subjects were women and Caucasian. The median age was 23.5 years (interquartile range, 21, 25 years), and the median body weight was 155 lb (interquartile range, 128.5, 176.5 lb). Pain levels during the injection were significantly lower for 1% buffered lidocaine, with P = .04. Times to response after injection were not significantly different between the 2 drug formulations for the cold test on a molar, with P = .08, or the cold test on a canine, with P = .22. However, times to response were significantly longer for nonbuffered drugs for EPT on the molar and canine, both with P = .01. Buffering 1% lidocaine with 1:100,000 Epi reduces the pain on injection with a maxillary field block and results in similar lengths of pulpal anesthesia tested with a cold stimulus as compared with nonbuffered 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 Epi

Neurophysiology

Contains research objectives, summary of research and reports on six research objectives.National Institutes of Health (Grant 5 ROl NB-04985-05)National Institutes of Health (Grant NB-07501-02)National Institutes of Health (Grant NB-06251-03)National Institutes of Health (Grant NB-07576-02)U. S. Air Force (Aerospace Medical Division) under Contract AF33(615)-3885Bell Telephone Laboratories IncorporatedNational Institutes of Health (Grant 5 TO1 GM-01555-02

Integration failure of regenerated limb tissue is associated with incongruencies in positional information in the Mexican axolotl

Introduction: Little is known about how the newly regenerated limb tissues in the Mexican axolotl seamlessly integrate with the remaining stump tissues to form a functional structure, and why this doesn't occur in some regenerative scenarios. In this study, we evaluate the phenomenological and transcriptional characteristics associated with integration failure in ectopic limb structures generated by treating anterior-located ectopic blastemas with Retinoic Acid (RA) and focusing on the “bulbus mass” tissue that forms between the ectopic limb and the host site. We additionally test the hypothesis that the posterior portion of the limb base contains anterior positional identities.Methods: The positional identity of the bulbus mass was evaluated by assaying regenerative competency, the ability to induce new pattern in the Accessory Limb Model (ALM) assay, and by using qRTPCR to quantify the relative expression of patterning genes as the bulbus mass deintegrates from the host site. We additionally use the ALM and qRTPCR to analyze the distribution of anterior and posterior positional identities along the proximal/distal limb axis of uninjured and regenerating limbs.Results: The bulbus mass regenerates limb structures with decreased complexity when amputated and is able to induce complex ectopic limb structure only when grafted into posterior-located ALMs. Expressional analysis shows significant differences in FGF8, BMP2, TBX5, Chrdl1, HoxA9, and HoxA11 expression between the bulbus mass and the host site when deintegration is occuring. Grafts of posterior skin from the distal limb regions into posterior ALMs at the base of the limb induce ectopic limb structures. Proximally-located blastemas express significantly less HoxA13 and Ptch1, and significantly more Alx4 and Grem1 than distally located blastemas.Discussion: These findings show that the bulbus mass has an anterior-limb identity and that the expression of limb patterning genes is mismatched between the bulbus mass and the host limb. Our findings additionally show that anterior positional information is more abundant at the limb base, and that anterior patterning genes are more abundantly expressed in proximally located blastemas compared to blastemas in the more distal regions of the limb. These experiments provide valuable insight into the underlying causes of integration failure and further map the distribution of positional identities in the mature limb

Improved data acquisition efficiency for respiratory motion correction in coronary MRI

To investigate the performance of a novel algorithm for correcting respiratory-induced heart motion for whole-heart coronary MRI

The Molecular Condensations Ahead of Herbig-Haro Objects. III. Radiative and dynamical perturbations of the HH 2 condensation

We have carried out an extensive observational study (from BIMA data) and made a preliminary theoretical investigation of the molecular gas around HH2. The molecular maps show a very complex morphological, kinematical and chemical structure. The overall main conclusion of this work confirms the findings of Paper I and II, by demonstrating that in addition to the strong photochemical effects caused by penetration of the UV photons from HH2 into molecular cloud, a range of complex radiative and dynamical interactions occur. Thus, despite the apparent `quiescent' nature of the molecular cloud ahead of HH2, the kinematical properties observed within the field of view suggest that it is possibly being driven out by powerful winds from the VLA 1 protostar.Comment: 20 pages. Accepted for publication to Astronomy & Astrophysic

The Diagnostic Potential of Transition Region Lines under-going Transient Ionization in Dynamic Events

We discuss the diagnostic potential of high cadence ultraviolet spectral data when transient ionization is considered. For this we use high cadence UV spectra taken during the impulsive phase of a solar flares (observed with instruments on-board the Solar Maximum Mission) which showed excellent correspondence with hard X-ray pulses. The ionization fraction of the transition region ion O V and in particular the contribution function for the O V 1371A line are computed within the Atomic Data and Analysis Structure, which is a collection of fundamental and derived atomic data and codes which manipulate them. Due to transient ionization, the O V 1371A line is enhanced in the first fraction of a second with the peak in the line contribution function occurring initially at a higher electron temperature than in ionization equilibrium. The rise time and enhancement factor depend mostly on the electron density. The fractional increase in the O V 1371A emissivity due to transient ionization can reach a factor of 2--4 and can explain the fast response in the line flux of transition regions ions during the impulsive phase of flares solely as a result of transient ionization. This technique can be used to diagnostic the electron temperature and density of solar flares observed with the forth-coming Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph.Comment: 18 pages, 6 figure

CD44 modulates Smad1 activation in the BMP-7 signaling pathway

Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) regulates cellular metabolism in embryonic and adult tissues. Signal transduction occurs through the activation of intracellular Smad proteins. In this paper, using a yeast two-hybrid screen, Smad1 was found to interact with the cytoplasmic domain of CD44, a receptor for the extracellular matrix macromolecule hyaluronan. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments confirmed the interaction of Smad1 with full-length CD44—interactions that did not occur when CD44 receptors truncated within the cytoplasmic domain were tested. Chondrocytes overexpressing a truncated CD44 on a background of endogenous full-length CD44 no longer exhibited Smad1 nuclear translocation upon BMP-7 stimulation. Further, pretreatment of chondrocytes with Streptomyces hyaluronidase to disrupt extracellular hyaluronan–cell interactions inhibited BMP-7–mediated Smad1 phosphorylation, nuclear translocation of Smad1 or Smad4, and SBE4–luciferase reporter activation. These results support a functional link between the BMP signaling cascade and CD44. Thus, changes in hyaluronan–cell interactions may serve as a means to modulate cellular responsiveness to BMP

Free-breathing late gadolinium enhancement CMR with a fixed short scan time using CosMo

To evaluate the performance of compressed sensing for motion correction (CosMo) [1] in compensating the respiratory motion of the heart in 3D late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) CMR