The EU budget – how much scope for institutional reform?

This paper reviews current discussions on reforming the European Union (EU) budgetary procedure and assesses the main reform proposals that have been suggested thus far. It argues that prospects for reforms are presently hampered by the complex interplay between supranational and intergovernmental decision modes and the requirement of any budgetary procedure to strike a balance between efficiency and legitimacy. The paper reviews the main criticisms of the present budgetary procedure and the related reform proposals, which are assessed on the basis of relevant theoretical literature as well as brief comparisons with the federal budget of the United States. The paper argues that the current EU budgetary procedure matches by-and-large the current equilibrium between all actors involved, given the present state of political integration in the EU. Significant modifications to the budgetary procedure would depart from that equilibrium.European Union, EU budget, budget process

The EU budget – how much scope for institutional reform?

This paper reviews current discussions on reforming the European Union (EU) budgetary procedure and assesses the main reform proposals that have been suggested thus far. It argues that prospects for reforms are presently hampered by the complex interplay between supranational and intergovernmental decision modes and the requirement of any budgetary procedure to strike a balance between efficiency and legitimacy. The paper reviews the main criticisms of the present budgetary procedure and the related reform proposals, which are assessed on the basis of relevant theoretical literature as well as brief comparisons with the federal budget of the United States. The paper argues that the current EU budgetary procedure maximises efficiency and legitimacy, given the present state of political integration in the EU. Significant modifications to the budgetary procedure would depart from that equilibrium.

Planning a Seminar on Aging to Disseminate Information to Personnel Working with the Aged

The project consisted of planning and organizing a seminar for dissemination of information to persons working with the aged. From my ten years of experience in the health care profession, six of them were working with the aged population . I was surprised at my lack of knowledge about the older person. After attending the course as Lindenwood College my knowledge expanded from the biological to the social and psychological aspect of aging. I decided to organize a seminar for local health personnel working with the aged in a thirty-mile radius of my residence. There were a total of six speakers including myself speaking about the biological, sociological and psychological aspect of aging in long term care facilities. Although I sent information to local hospitals, there was not one person at the seminar from an acute care facility. Considering that the aged have more frequent and longer hospital stays than the younger population, I thought the hospitals would have sent at least one person . The long term facilities in the area usually send one or two persons. I felt after the seminar ended that it was well received and informative. The evaluation forms returned were all rated high , with only a few below average grading. Some of the attendees , a week after the seminar, informally stated how they appreciated and enjoyed the seminar. I am considering organizing another seminar on aging since there are still a large number of persons needing information about aging

Sparse graphs without long induced paths

Graphs of bounded degeneracy are known to contain induced paths of order $\Omega(\log \log n)$ when they contain a path of order $n$, as proved by Ne\v{s}et\v{r}il and Ossona de Mendez (2012). In 2016 Esperet, Lemoine, and Maffray conjectured that this bound could be improved to $\Omega((\log n)^c)$ for some constant $c>0$ depending on the degeneracy. We disprove this conjecture by constructing, for arbitrarily large values of $n$, a graph that is 2-degenerate, has a path of order $n$, and where all induced paths have order $O((\log \log n)^2)$. We also show that the graphs we construct have linearly bounded coloring numbers.Comment: 22 pages, 6 figure

Foreign investment in the Atlanta real estate market

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1988.Vitae.Includes bibliographical references.by Oscar Leonard Dalton, III and Harold Raymond DeMoss, III.M.S

Plant Science in Reduced Gravity: Lessons Learned

The effect of gravity on the growth and development of plants has been the subject of scientific investigation for over a century. The results obtained in space to test specific hypotheses on gravitropism, gene expression, seed formation, or growth rate are affected by both the primary effect of the microgravity and secondary effects of the spaceflight environment. The secondary effects of the spaceflight environment include physical effects arising from physical changes, such as the absence of buoyancy driven convective mixing, altered behavior of liquids and gases, and the environmental conditions in the spacecraft atmosphere. Thus, the design of biological experiments (e.g. cells, plants, animals, etc.) conducted in microgravity must account for changes in the physical forces, as well as the environmental conditions, imposed by the specific spaceflight vehicle and experimental hardware. In addition, researchers must become familiar with other aspects of spaceflight experiments: payload integration with hardware developers, safety documentation and crew procedures, and the logistics of conducting flight and ground controls. This report reviews the physical and environmental factors that directly and indirectly affect the results of plant science experiments in microgravity and is intended to serve as a guide in the design and implementation plant experiments in space

Ammonia Offgassing from SA9T

NH3 is a degradation product of SA9T, a solid-amine sorbent developed by Hamilton Sundstrand, that is continually emitted into the gas stream being conditioned by this sorbent. NH3 offgassing rates were measured using FTIR spectroscopy using a packed bed at similar contact times as offgassing tests conducted at Hamilton Sundstrand and at the Ames Research Center. The bed was challenged with moist air at several flow rates and humidities and NH3 concentration of the effluent was measured for several hours. The NH3 offgassing rates in open-loop testing were calculated from the steady state outlet NH3 concentration and flow rate. NH3 offgassing rates from SA9T were found to be influenced by the contact time with the adsorbent (flow rate) and by the humidity of the inlet gas stream, which are consistent with previous studies. Closed-loop vacuum-swing adsorption cycling rates verified that NH3 offgassing continues when a constant source of water vapor is present

Enumerating Minimal Dominating Sets in Triangle-Free Graphs

International audienceIt is a long-standing open problem whether the minimal dominating sets of a graph can be enumerated in output-polynomial time. In this paper we prove that this is the case in triangle-free graphs. This answers a question of Kanté et al. Additionally, we show that deciding if a set of vertices of a bipartite graph can be completed into a minimal dominating set is a NP-complete problem

Die bestuur van die geintegreerde gehaltebestuurstelsel

Die doel van hierdie studie was om te kyk hoe effektief die Geïntegreerde Gehaltebestuurstelsel (GGBS), en wel die taksering van opvoeders, bestuur kan word om positiewe resultate by skole te bereik. Die studie is gedoen binne die Interpretivistiese benadering. Data-invordering is gedoen deur middel van vraelyste, observasie en onderhoude. Die studie het getoon dat opvoeders onseker was, juis omdat die Onderwysdepartement nie die nodige leiding gegee en die nodige hulpbronne gehad het nie. Die afgelope twee jaar ( 2006 en 2007 ) egter het die Departement skouer aan die wiel gesit en hulp aan skole verleen, hetsy deur die beskikbaarstelling van die nodige vorms, of die aanstel van ‘n koördineerder om hulp aan skole te verskaf. Die belangrikste uitkomste van die studie was die besef dat opvoeders se vrese en aannames aangespreek moet word om ‘n gehaltebestuurstelsel effektief te maak. Slypskole moet gehou word om hulp en bystand aan die getakseerdes te verleen. Die bestuurspan van die skool moet ook indiensopleiding ondergaan, sodat hulle presies kan weet wat van hulle verwag word. Op hierdie manier word onsekerhede uit die weg geruim, want onsekerheid was die grootste probleem waarmee opvoeders te kampe gehad het in die implimentering van die GGBS