39 research outputs found
A state of the art of required techniques for employing activated carbon in renewable energy powered adsorption applications
This paper reviews, for the first time, the measurement adsorption characteristics techniques to facilitate optimal testing of the validity of adsorbent materials in adsorption applications. Thermo-physical properties, adsorption characteristics and modelling techniques are presented. The characterisation of material thermo-physical properties includes true and bulk densities, specific heat capacity, surface area, pore volume distribution and thermal conductivity. The adsorption characteristics were categorized into adsorption isotherms and kinetics including experimental and theoretical equations. A range of models used in the simulation of adsorption cooling systems is presented and discussed. The paper highlights the conditions for which each measurement technique is most suitable and the limitations of modelling techniques, which is a vital element in the robust assessment of the performance of adsorption cooling units
Pneumonia and acute myocarditis revealing COVID-19 infection in histopathology
ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ³Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ, Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ Ρ COVID-19, ΠΈ Π΅ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΏΠΎ-Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ ΠΎΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΡΠΌΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΈ Π² ΠΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉ Π΅ Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠ·Π°Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π° ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π½ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΌ, Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΠΎ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ±Π²Π° Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° COVID-19. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΌΠ΅ Π²ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ²ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ·Π°Π½ ΡΡΡ SARS-CoV-2, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ Ρ Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄. ΠΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΡΡΡΠ° Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½Π° Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ±Π²Π° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π²Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ° COVID-19. Cardiac injury is a common condition among patients hospitalized with COVID-19, and it is associated with a higher risk of in-hospital mortality. Since the ο¬rst data analyses in China, elevated cardiac troponin has been noted in a substantial proportion of patients, implicating myocardial injury as a possible pathogenic mechanism contributing to severe illness and mortality. Physicians need to pay heed to the possibility of myocarditis in cases of COVID-19. We present a ο¬rst possible SARS-CoV-2 associated myocarditis case, conο¬rmed by autopsy examination. The overlap with acute coronary syndrome, acute decompensated heart failure should be taken into consideration in the current state to COVID-19 epidemics
Invasive hemodynamic assessment of patients with cardiomyopathies
ΠΠ½Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°ΡΠ° Ρ
Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ-Π³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠ° ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π· ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈ- ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ-ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ, ΠΈΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·Π²Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ. Π₯Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π· ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ- Π»Π°Π³Π° Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ Π΄Π° Π±ΡΠ΄Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π· ΡΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ. Π’ΠΎΠ·ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ±Π²Π° Π΄Π° Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·Π²Π° ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ°- ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π³Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ, Π½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.Β Invasive hemodynamic assessment of cardiac diseases has become an important diagnostic tool in recent decades. Non-invasive methods are the main techniques used to assess cardiac function, due to their wider availability. Cardiac catheterization is useful when there are diagnostic problems that cannot be solved with routine methods. Cardiac catheterization should be individualized according to the specific problems of the patient and based on the results from non-invasive methods. Invasive diagnostics is used in the assessment of patients with various cardiovascular diseases, including cardiomyopathies. In this review, we consider the role of cardiac catheterization, its advantages and disadvantages as part of the overall assessment of patients with cardiomyopathies.
Acute viral infection encephalopathy linked to organic personality disorder
Introduction: Encephalopathy is a structural and/or functional disorder of the brain with multiple causes, one of them being acute viral infection. It is clinically presented with a variety of neurologiΒcal and psychiatric symptoms - muscle weakness, poor concentration, seizures, changes in personalΒity, as well as lethargy or psychosis.Materials and methods: A 12-year-old patient is being presented, hospitalized in the past due to viral encephalitis. Symptoms included fever, nausea, drowsiness, apathy and confusion. A lumbar puncΒture was performed at the time with no pathogens found in the cerebrospinal fluid. After a psychiΒatric assessment through an interview the patient was diagnosed with organic personality disorder. Therapy was conducted and after the full resolution of the patient`s condition he was discharged. An year and a half later a relapse of previous symptomatology occurred. The boy was hospitalized again in a psychosis-like state after an interview with a psychiatrist.Results: Beginning with fever the second episode included visual hallucinations, photophobia and disorientation, psychosis-like beliefs - believing his mother is not real (Capgras syndrome). Although fully managing the first episode a therapy with Aripiprazole and Finlepsin only lead to a partial imΒprovement and fluctuation of the condition during the relapse. A follow up and additional examinaΒtions were commissioned.Conclusion: Even though long term complications are rare the condition should be treated with care. Neuropsychiatric symptoms are common in the acute phase of viral encephalitis. In rare casΒes they may also reappear after recovery, especially in children. Symptoms may present as psychosis (35%), catatonia (33%), psychotic depression (16%), and mania (11%). Post-infectious structural and functional changes in the brain may lead to personality shifts, e.g. detachment from reality and disΒinhibited behaviour resulting in long-term disability and social isolation of the patient. Psychiatric consultation and follow-up should be requested for patients at risk without hesitation
Survival of patients with cardiomyopathies
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ° Ρ
Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Π° Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΌ Π΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°, ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π°ΠΉ-ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π’Π΅ ΡΠ° Π΅Π΄Π½Π° ΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½Π° Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ- Π½ΠΎΡΡ, Π²Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΏΠ½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½Π° ΡΠΌΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ·Π°ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠΈ Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ, Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ Ρ Π½Π΅Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ° Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎ ΠΈΠΌ. ΠΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΌΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π΅ ΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°Π±Π°Π²Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π·Π°- ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π·Π³Π»Π΅Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈ Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ, ΡΠ° Ρ
ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°, Π΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°, ΠΠ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡ. Cardiomyopathies are a heterogeneous group of diseases. The main pathogenetic mechanism is myocardial damage due to genetic mutations. Cardiomyopathies are one of the leading causes of heart failure, sudden cardiac death, and life-threatening arrhythmias. Certain factors associated with poor prognosis determined the prognosis in this group of patients. Survival in different types of cardiomyopathies depends on the time of diagnosis and initial treatment. The types of cardiomyopathies discussed in this review are hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilative cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, left ventricle non-compaction, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
Serum biomarkers for pulmonary hypertension
ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ»ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° Ρ
ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ (ΠΠ₯), Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π²Π°Ρ Π²ΡΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅. Π’ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π·Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΠ₯ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ Π΅Ρ
ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ, Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎ NYHA ΠΈ 6-ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π½Π΅ (6 MWT). ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π±ΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°Π²Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΠ₯ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎ Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ. In the fi eld of development of pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension, there are growing number of signifi cant recent advances, which leads to new therapeutic agents. Traditional methods of diagnosing and monitoring this condition have comprised echocardiography and right heart catheterization, in addition to functional measures, such as estimation of functional class and the 6-min walk test. An increasing number of biomarkers have been described that are elevated in pulmonary hypertension and which may assist the clinician in diagnosis and in the assessment of disease severity and response to treatment.