Roads to complexity: Hawaiians and Vikings compared

The purpose of this paper is to analyse roads to complexity and societal development. By comparing the processes leading to complexity in Late Iron Age and early Viking society in South Scandinavia with the pre-contact Hawaiian state, I set the framework for a comparative archaeology and suggest that society in the Viking Age was not a state. I reach this conclusion within a comparative framework, by looking at comparable but also different processes in both places over time between the subject and source, in Scandinavia and Hawaii. I estimate how important geographic, cultural, technological, ideological, and ecological factors were for the development and change in both places in general and for the advent of the complexity in particular. I suggest that the analogical approach gives us a less biased perspective in both places, because we avoid partial metanarratives, such as for example teleological, nationalist narratives. Using this approach, we will discover new aspects that cannot be identified in isolation

Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modelling of the Analgesic and Antihyperalgesic Effects of Morphine after Intravenous Infusion in Human Volunteers

Using a modelling approach, this study aimed to (i) examine whether the pharmacodynamics of the analgesic and antihyperalgesic effects of morphine differ; (ii) investigate the influence of demographic, pain sensitivity and genetic (OPRM1) variables on between-subject variability of morphine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in human experimental pain models. The study was a randomized, double-blind, 5-arm, cross-over, placebo-controlled study. The psychophysical cutaneous pain tests, electrical pain tolerance (EPTo) and secondary hyperalgesia areas (2HA) were studied in 28 healthy individuals (15 males). The subjects were chosen based on a previous trial where 100 subjects rated (VAS) their pain during a heat injury (47°C, 7 min., 12.5 cm²). The 33% lowest- and highest pain-sensitive subjects were offered participation in the present study. A two-compartment linear model with allometric scaling for weight provided the best description of the plasma concentration-time profile of morphine. Changes in the EPTo and 2HA responses with time during the placebo treatment were best described by a linear model and a quadratic model, respectively. The model discrimination process showed clear evidence for adding between-occasion variability (BOV) on baseline and the placebo slope for EPTo and 2HA, respectively. The sensitivity covariate was significant on baseline EPTo values and genetics as a covariate on the placebo slope for 2HA. The analgesic and antihyperalgesic effects of morphine were pharmacologically distinct as the models had different effect site equilibration half-lives and different covariate effects. Morphine had negligible effect on 2HA, but significant effect on EPTo.Pernille Ravn, David J.R. Foster, Mads Kreilgaard, Lona Christrup, Mads U. Werner, Erik L. Secher, Ulrik Skram and Richard Upto

Public perceptions and expectations: disentangling the hope and hype of organoid research

Organoid technologies are rapidly advancing and hold great potential and hope for disease modeling and clinical translational research. Still, they raise a number of complex, ethical questions regarding their current and future use. Patient and public involvement is impor-tant in building public trust and helping to secure responsible conduct and valued innovations; nevertheless, research into patient and public perspectives on organoid technologies remains scarce. We report on a first public dialogue on organoid technologies through three cross-country deliberative workshops with a diverse group of stakeholders to identify their perceptions and concerns. Participants gener-ally support organoid technologies on the condition that responsible governance, ethical oversight, and sound informed consent procedures are in place. Yet, a broad set of potential concerns are identified, primarily concerning commercialization, healthcare access, and cerebral organoids. Participants' insights and recommendations can help inform researchers and ethics and policy bodies toward supporting responsible and ethical organoid approaches

Designing and implementing a research integrity promotion plan: recommendations for research funders

Various stakeholders in science have put research integrity high on their agenda. Among them, research funders are prominently placed to foster research integrity by requiring that the organizations and individual researchers they support make an explicit commitment to research integrity. Moreover, funders need to adopt appropriate research integrity practices themselves. To facilitate this, we recommend that funders develop and implement a Research Integrity Promotion Plan (RIPP). This Consensus View offers a range of examples of how funders are already promoting research integrity, distills 6 core topics that funders should cover in a RIPP, and provides guidelines on how to develop and implement a RIPP. We believe that the 6 core topics we put forward will guide funders towards strengthening research integrity policy in their organization and guide the researchers and research organizations they fund

Research integrity: nine ways to move from talk to walk

Counselling, coaches and collegiality — how institutions can share resources to promote best practice in science

The early Neolithic Volling site of Kildevang : its chronology and intra-spacial organisation

© Römisch-Germanische Kommission des Deutschen Archäologischen InstitutsDue to the lack of large undisturbed sites, questions relating to the early Neolithic I (ENI) transition in Scandinavia, 6,000 years ago, reapeatedly get caught up in discussions of chronology and the nature of the fragmentary and regionalized source material. This paper presents an uncontaminated ENI Volling site in Eastern Jutland, Denmark, dating to around 3800 cal BC. It outlines a high-resolution ceramics chronology by combining stylistic elements with combinations of other finds. With 35,000 square meters excavated, 40 kg of pottery and 5,983 pottery sherds recorded in high detail, this is probably one of South Scandinavia's largest and best recorded open-area excavations of an ENI, Volling site to date. The site produced 88 pits, 1 grave, 3 house structures and 2 major cultural layers from the ENI. 8 pits have been identified as ritual. Few sites of this quality, where regionality can be ruled out, have previously been analyzed in such detail revealing the intra-site organization in space and time. The analyses presented here identify 3 relative chronological phases and two major activity areas within the time frame of ENI. This pattern is reached by mutivariate analysis of stylistic elements of pottery in relation to its spatial distribution, as well as it's combinations with other find material and C-dates. For example, the two-ply cord decorative element traditionally seen as belonging to the earliest phase is here preceeded by an even earlier phase. Also the core axe with specialized edge was found here as many as five times in clear combination with Volling ceramics

Germanic social structure (c. AD 200-600) : a methodological study in the use of archaeological and historical evidence in migration age Europe

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