An update of the chemiosmotic theory as suggested by possible proton currents inside the coupling membrane

Understanding how biological systems convert and store energy is a primary purpose of basic research. However, despite Mitchell's chemiosmotic theory, we are far from the complete description of basic processes such as oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and photosynthesis. After more than half a century, the chemiosmotic theory may need updating, thanks to the latest structural data on respiratory chain complexes. In particular, up-to date technologies, such as those using fluorescence indicators following proton displacements, have shown that proton translocation is lateral rather than transversal with respect to the coupling membrane. Furthermore, the definition of the physical species involved in the transfer (proton, hydroxonium ion or proton currents) is still an unresolved issue, even though the latest acquisitions support the idea that protonic currents, difficult to measure, are involved. Moreover, F o F 1 -ATP synthase ubiquitous motor enzyme has the peculiarity (unlike most enzymes) of affecting the thermodynamic equilibrium of ATP synthesis. It seems that the concept of diffusion of the proton charge expressed more than two centuries ago by Theodor von Grotthuss is to be taken into consideration to resolve these issues. All these uncertainties remind us that also in biology it is necessary to consider the Heisenberg indeterminacy principle, which sets limits to analytical questions

Proceso y métodos de evaluación integrada participativa de degradación en agroecosistemas semiáridos. Un caso de estudio en un área protegida en el trópico seco nicaragüense

Los procesos de evaluación integrada y participativa son un buen marco metodológico-operativo para la toma de decisiones frente a cuestiones ambientales complejas que conciernen a socio-agroecosistemas de alto dinamismo e impredecibilidad a cambios y con intereses conflictivos de los actores implicados en su gestión. La finalidad del artículo es mostrar el potencial de la aplicación de un enfoque interdisciplinar e intercultural para desarrollar un proceso multiescala y multiobjetivo de evaluación comprehensiva y critica de la degradación ambiental de un sistema agrosilvopastoril semiárido en Nicaragua. Pese a que se trate de un proceso en curso, el artículo describe y reflexiona sobre los resultados metodológicos de los primeros dos años y discute como la combinación de métodos desde diferentes disciplinas y la integración de conocimientos han permitido explicitar las incertidumbres e ignorancias sobre la comprensión del sistema y los procesos de cambios socio-ecológicos locales, plantear y validar nuevas hipótesis de trabajo e obtener exactitud y relevancia de la evaluación de degradación. Asimismo el proceso participativo intenta incluir, en cada fase, la pluralidad de actores, con sus intereses y valoraciones y representaciones de futuro, para asegurar la calidad del proceso. Finalmente, el análisis de escenarios se demuestra útil instrumento para aclarar las posibles interfases de conflicto y compromiso o negociación entre actores, investigadores y tomadores de decisiones sobre opciones alternativas de gestión y desarrollo para el área.The integrated and participatory assessment processes are a good methodological and operational framework for decision making, facing to complexity on environmental issues when agro-ecosystems are highly dynamics and unpredictable to changes and there are plural and conflictive interests. This paper aims to investigate the potencial for such interdisciplinary and intercultural approach to develop a comprehensive and constructive multiscale and multiobjetive process of land degradation assessment in semiarid agro-ecosystems. Since the overall process is still on going, the research, applied to a case study in Nicaragua, describes and reflects on the experience through the first two years of work. The article argues that the integration between scientific and lay knowledge allows facing the uncertainties and ignorance in understanding complex systems and main processes of change, to propose and validate research hypothesis and to lead to both accurate and relevant assessment of land degradation. The participatory approach, using methods from a variety of disciplines, attempts to capture the plurality of relevant actors, with different objectives, values and representations of future, in order to assure quality of the process. Finally, the paper illustrates the usefulness of scenario analysis to explore the "arenas" of conflicts and negotiation between researchers, actors and decision makers on alternative management and development policies options

High Glucose Impairs Expression and Activation of MerTK in ARPE-19 Cells

MerTK (Mer Tyrosine Kinase) is a cell surface receptor that regulates phagocytosis of pho-toreceptor outer segments (POS) in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. POS phagocytosis is im-paired in several pathologies, including diabetes. In this study, we investigate whether hyperglyce-mic conditions may affect MerTK expression and activation in ARPE-19 cells, a retinal pigment epithelial cellular model. ARPE-19 cells were cultured in standard (CTR) or high-glucose (HG) me-dium for 24 h. Then, we analyzed: mRNA levels and protein expression of MerTK and ADAM9, a protease that cleaves the extracellular region of MerTK; the amount of cleaved Mer (sMer); and the ability of GAS6, a MerTK ligand, to induce MerTK phosphorylation. Since HG reduces miR-126 levels, and ADAM9 is a target of miR-126, ARPE-19 cells were transfected with miR-126 inhibitor or mimic; then, we evaluated ADAM9 expression, sMer, and POS phagocytosis. We found that HG reduced expression and activation of MerTK. Contextually, HG increased expression of ADAM9 and the amount of sMer. Overexpression of miR-126 reduced levels of sMer and improved phago-cytosis in ARPE-19 cells cultured with HG. In this study, we demonstrate that HG compromises MerTK expression and activation in ARPE-19 cells. Our results suggest that HG up-regulates ADAM9 expression, leading to increased shedding of MerTK. The consequent rise in sMer coupled to reduced expression of MerTK impairs binding and internalization of POS in ARPE-19 cells

The Strange Case: The Unsymmetric Cisplatin-Based Pt(IV) Prodrug [Pt(CH3COO)Cl2(NH3)2(OH)] Exhibits Higher Cytotoxic Activity with respect to Its Symmetric Congeners due to Carrier-Mediated Cellular Uptake

The biological behavior of the axially unsymmetric antitumor prodrug (OC-6-44)-acetatodiamminedichloridohydroxidoplatinum(IV), 2, was deeply investigated and compared with that of analogous symmetric Pt(IV) complexes, namely, dihydroxido 1 and diacetato 3, which have a similar structure. The complexes were tested on a panel of human tumor cell lines. Complex 2 showed an anomalous higher cytotoxicity (similar to that of cisplatin) with respect to their analogues 1 and 3. Their reduction potentials, reduction kinetics, lipophilicity, and membrane affinity are compared. Cellular uptake and DNA platination of Pt(IV) complexes were deeply investigated in the sensitive A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line and in the corresponding resistant A2780cisR subline. The unexpected activity of 2 appears to be related to its peculiar cellular accumulation and not to a different rate of reduction or a different efficacy in DNA platination and/or efficiency in apoptosis induction. Although the exact mechanism of cell uptake is not fully deciphered, a series of naive experiments indicates an energy-dependent, carrier-mediated transport: the organic cation transporters (OCTs) are the likely proteins involved

Comparison of reflector concepts for a 250 GHz CARM cavity

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Formative Assessment and Professional Training: Reflections from a Mathematics course in Bioengineering

Bioengineering is currently considered an interdisciplinary professional field which provides solutions to different problems arising in the area of health care. Its strategic importance is widely acknowledged since its developments and proposals could help diminish the level of technological dependence in the sector. The fast pace of innovation in the area of biomedical technology gives rise to permanent reflection on the learning goals and teaching strategies proposed by educators in the different training stages of a bioengineer. In this context, learning assessment appears as a controversial issue which needs to be debated and rethought. This paper describes the reflections of teachers of a Mathematics course within a Bioengineering program around the question, What approach to assessment favors the student's participation, autonomy and training as a future bioengineer? The investigation was carried out in the framework of a Participatory Research Action project and helped us to redesign assessment activities from a different perspective.Fil: Carrere, C.. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ingeniería; ArgentinaFil: Milesi, S.. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ingeniería; ArgentinaFil: Lapyckyj, I.. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ingeniería; ArgentinaFil: Ravera, Emiliano Pablo. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ingeniería; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Escher, L.. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ingeniería; ArgentinaFil: Miyara, A.. Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ingeniería; ArgentinaFil: Pita, G.. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ingeniería; ArgentinaFil: Añino, M.. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ingeniería; Argentin

Temperature dependence of steady-state and presteady-state kinetics of a type IIb Na+/Pi cotransporter

The temperature dependence of the transport kinetics of flounder Na(+)-coupled inorganic phosphate (P(i)) cotransporters (NaPi-IIb) expressed in Xenopus oocytes was investigated using radiotracer and electrophysiological assays. (32)P(i) uptake was strongly temperature-dependent and decreased by approximately 80% at a temperature change from 25 degrees C to 5 degrees C. The corresponding activation energy (E (a)) was approximately 14 kcal mol(-1) for the cotransport mode. The temperature dependence of the cotransport and leak modes was determined from electrogenic responses to 1 mM P(i) and phosphonoformic acid (PFA), respectively, under voltage clamp. The magnitude of the P(i)- and PFA-induced changes in holding current decreased with temperature. E (a) at -100 mV for the cotransport and leak modes was approximately 16 kcal mol(-1) and approximately 11 kcal mol(-1), respectively, which suggested that the leak is mediated by a carrier, rather than a channel, mechanism. Moreover, E (a) for cotransport was voltage-independent, suggesting that a major conformational change in the transport cycle is electroneutral. To identify partial reactions that confer temperature dependence, we acquired presteady-state currents at different temperatures with 0 mM P(i) over a range of external Na(+). The relaxation time constants increased, and the peak time constant shifted toward more positive potentials with decreasing temperature. Likewise, there was a depolarizing shift of the charge distribution, whereas the total available charge and apparent valency predicted from single Boltzmann fits were temperature-independent. These effects were explained by an increased temperature sensitivity of the Na(+)-debinding rate compared with the other voltage-dependent rate constants

Deconstructing canine demodicosis

Los ácaros Demodex son habitantes normales de la piel de los mamíferos. Los mismos se han adaptado a vivir dentro de los folículos pilosos y las glándulas sebáceas de la piel de sus huéspedes mamíferos. La demodicosis puede ser definida como una enfermedad inflamatoria cutánea caracterizada por la presencia de una sobrepoblación de ácaros Demodex. Se considera que la respuesta inmunitaria celular es la responsable del control de la población de ácaros, mientras que los roles de las respuestas inmunitarias humoral e innata, son desconocidos. En los animales domésticos, la forma más grave de la demodicosis, la padecen los perros. En consecuencia, la demodicosis canina es la enfermedad más estudiada. Se han identificado dos especies de ácaros Demodex en perros: Demodex canis y Demodex injai; mientras se ha propuesto una tercera especie denominada Demodex cornei. Muchos estudios han tratado de documentar la prevalencia de ácaros Demodex en los perros sanos mediante diferentes métodos. En la presente tesis doctoral, se describe una técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) a tiempo real para detectar ADN de Demodex (secuencia del gen de la quitina sintetasa) en pelos de perros. Ésta técnica demostró la presencia de ácaros Demodex en porcentajes más altos que en los estudios anteriores, sugiriendo que los ácaros Demodex están presentes en todos los perros sanos independientemente de la edad, sexo, raza o pelaje. Además, la técnica demuestra que las poblaciones de Demodex están distribuidas a lo largo del cuerpo de los perro en pequeño número. Con el fin de establecer las relaciones filogenéticas entre las dos especies caninas y la propuesta tercera especie, amplificamos y secuenciamos un fragmento del ADN mitocondrial de la subunidad ribosomal 16S. El análisis filogenético demuestra que D. injai es una especie diferente de D. canis y que D. cornei es probablemente una variante morfológica de D. canis. Además, se desarrolló y estandarizó una técnica de PCR convencional para la detección específica de ADN de D. injai. Ésta técnica demostró que D. injai también es un habitante normal de la piel de algunos perros y que en la mayoría de los casos clínicos de demodicosis canina, la sobrepoblación de D. injai es infrecuente. Finalmente, con el fin de ampliar los conocimientos de la respuesta humoral en la demodicosis canina, obtuvimos un extracto antigénico crudo de D. canis y demostramos, mediante una técnica de Western-blot, la presencia de inmunoglobulinas G contra diversos antígenos de D. canis en el suero de perros sanos, de perros con demodicosis juvenil generalizada con o sin infección cutánea secundaria. En conclusión, ésta tesis doctoral demuestra que los ácaros Demodex son habitantes normales de la piel canina y que se distribuyen en pequeño número a lo largo del pelaje canino. Además, los ácaros D. canis deben ser considerados una especie diferente a ácaros D. injai y, los ácaros D. cornei, una variante morfológica del mismo. Por otro lado, los perros sanos y los perros con demodicosis juvenil generalizada presentan una respuesta humoral adquirida y anticuerpos dirigidos contra diversos antígenos proteicos de D. canis.It is considered that Demodex mites are normal inhabitants of the mammalian skin. They have been adapted to live inside skin hair follicles and sebaceous glands of mammalian hosts. Demodicosis can be defined as an inflammatory skin disease characterized by the presence of Demodex mite overpopulation. It is considered that the cellular immune response is responsible for the control of mite population, while the role of the humoral and innate immune responses remains unknown. In domestic animals, the most severe form of demodicosis occurs in dogs. Consequently, canine demodicosis is the most studied disease produced by Demodex mites. Two canine Demodex species have been identified: Demodex canis, and Demodex injai, while a third species unofficially named Demodex cornei, has been proposed. Many studies have tried to report Demodex prevalence in healthy dogs by different methods. In the present doctoral thesis, we described a real-time PCR technique to detect Demodex DNA (sequence of chitin synthase gene) in canine hair samples. This technique demonstrated the presence of Demodex mites in higher percentages than previous reports, suggesting that Demodex mites are present in all healthy dogs independent of age, sex, breed, or coat. Furthermore, Demodex populations were distributed in small numbers along the dog's body. In order to analyze the phylogenetic relationships between the two canine Demodex species and the proposed third species, we amplified and sequenced a fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rDNA gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that D. injai is a different species from D. canis. In addition, it demonstrated that D. cornei is probably a morphological variant of D. canis. A conventional PCR for the specific detection of D. injai DNA was also developed and standardized. This technique demonstrated that D. injai is also a normal inhabitant of some dogs. Moreover, it suggested that in the majority of clinical canine demodicosis cases, an overgrowth of D. injai is unlikely. Finally, to enlighten the field of the humoral response in canine demodicosis, a D. canis crude extract antigen was obtained and we demonstrated the presence of immunoglobulins G against several D. canis antigens in the sera of healthy dogs and in the sera of dogs with juvenile generalized demodicosis with and without secondary complicating pyoderma by western blot technique. In conclusion, this doctoral thesis demonstrated that Demodex mites are normal inhabitant of the canine skin, they are present in the majority of dogs, and are distributed in very low numbers along all the haired skin. Furthermore, Demodex injai must be considered a different species from D. canis, and D. cornei is a probable morphological variant of D. canis. Healthy dogs and dogs with canine juvenile generalized demodicosis have an acquired humoral immune response against Demodex mites and present serum antibodies directed against several Demodex canis protein antigens