1,012 research outputs found
Quantifying black carbon deposition over the Greenland ice sheet from forest fires in Canada
Black carbon (BC) concentrations observed in 22 snowpits sampled in the northwest sector of the Greenland ice sheet in April 2014 have allowed us to identify a strong and widespread BC aerosol deposition event, which was dated to have accumulated in the pits from two snow storms between 27 July and 2 August 2013. This event comprises a significant portion (57% on average across all pits) of total BC deposition over 10 months (July 2013 to April 2014). Here we link this deposition event to forest fires burning in Canada during summer 2013 using modeling and remote sensing tools. Aerosols were detected by both the CloudâAerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (on board CALIPSO) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (Aqua) instruments during transport between Canada and Greenland. We use highâresolution regional chemical transport modeling (WRFâChem) combined with highâresolution fire emissions (FINNv1.5) to study aerosol emissions, transport, and deposition during this event. The model captures the timing of the BC deposition event and shows that fires in Canada were the main source of deposited BC. However, the model underpredicts BC deposition compared to measurements at all sites by a factor of 2â100. Underprediction of modeled BC deposition originates from uncertainties in fire emissions and model treatment of wet removal of aerosols. Improvements in model descriptions of precipitation scavenging and emissions from wildfires are needed to correctly predict deposition, which is critical for determining the climate impacts of aerosols that originate from fires
A Survey on Implementation of Homomorphic Encryption Scheme in Cloud based Medical Analytical System
The privacy of sensitive personal information is more and more important topic as a result of the increased availability of cloud services. These privacy issues arise due to the legitimate concern of a) having a security breach on these cloud servers or b) the leakage of this sensitive information due to an honest but curious individual at the cloud service provider. Standard encryption schemes try to address the ?rst concern by devising encryption schemes that are harder to break, yet they donât solve the possible misuse of this sensitive data by the cloud service providers. Homomorphic encryption presents a tool that can solve both types of privacy concerns. The clients are given the possibility of encrypting their sensitive information before sending it to the cloud. The cloud will then compute over their encrypted data without the need for the decryption key. By using homomorphic encryption, servers guarantee to the clients that their valuable information to have no problems after being in a difficult situation.
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Airborne measurements of trace gases and aerosols over the London metropolitan region
The Emissions around the M25 motorway (EM25) campaign took place over the megacity of London in the United Kingdom in June 2009 with the aim of characterising trace gas and aerosol composition and properties entering and emitted from the urban region. It featured two mobile platforms, the UK BAe-146 Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) research aircraft and a ground-based mobile lidar van, both travelling in circuits around London, roughly following the path of the M25 motorway circling the city. We present an overview of findings from the project, which took place during typical UK summertime pollution conditions. Emission ratios of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to acetylene and carbon monoxide emitted from the London region were consistent with measurements in and downwind of other large urban areas and indicated traffic and associated fuel evaporation were major sources. Sub-micron aerosol composition was dominated by secondary species including sulphate (24% of sub-micron mass in the London plume and 29% in the non-plume regional aerosol), nitrate (24% plume; 20% regional) and organic aerosol (29% plume; 31% regional). The primary sub-micron aerosol emissions from London were minor compared to the larger regional background, with only limited increases in aerosol mass in the urban plume compared to the background (~12% mass increase on average). Black carbon mass was the major exception and more than doubled in the urban plume, leading to a decrease in the single scattering albedo from 0.91 in the regional aerosol to 0.86 in the London plume, on average. Our observations indicated that regional aerosol plays a major role on aerosol concentrations around London, at least during typical summertime conditions, meaning future efforts to reduce PM levels in London must account for regional as well as local aerosol sources
The electric dipole response of Se above 4 MeV
The dipole response of Se in the energy range 4 to 9 MeV has been
analyzed using a polarized photon scattering
technique, performed at the High Intensity -Ray Source facility, to
complement previous work performed using unpolarized photons. The results of
this work offer both an enhanced sensitivity scan of the dipole response and an
unambiguous determination of the parities of the observed J=1 states. The
dipole response is found to be dominated by excitations, and can
reasonably be attributed to a pygmy dipole resonance. Evidence is presented to
suggest that a significant amount of directly unobserved excitation strength is
present in the region, due to unobserved branching transitions in the decays of
resonantly excited states. The dipole response of the region is underestimated
when considering only ground state decay branches. We investigate the electric
dipole response theoretically, performing calculations in a 3D cartesian-basis
time-dependent Skyrme-Hartree-Fock framework.Comment: 20 pages, 18 figures, to be submitted to PR
Two-body Photodisintegration of 3He Between 7 and 16 MeV
A comprehensive data set is reported for the two-body photodisintegration cross section of 3He using mono-energetic photon beams at eleven energies between 7.0 and 16.0 MeV. A 3He + Xe high-pressure gas scintillator served as target and detector. Although our data are in much better agreement with our state-of-the-art theoretical calculations than the majority of the previous data, these calculations underpredict the new data by about 10%. This disagreement suggests an incomplete understanding of the dynamics of the three-nucleon system and its response to electromagnetic probes
Kr Isotopic Compositions in Stardust SiC grains and AGB Winds
Krypton (Kr) is a heavy noble gas that does not chemically react and hence does not condense into dust. However, it is found in trace amounts inside stardust silicon carbide (SiC) grains in meteorites, which are believed to have condensed in the C-rich envelopes of low-mass asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. The measured isotopic composition of Kr clearly reveals the signature of the s (slow neutron-capture) process. It is likely that Kr is ionised and implanted in stardust SiC grains via stellar winds in two different evolutionary phases: one during the AGB phase in small grains showing low 86Kr/82Kr, and another during the post-AGB phase in large grains showing high 86Kr/82Kr ratios. The low 86Kr/82Kr ratios observed in stardust SiC grains can be explained by model predictions of AGB winds. On the other hand, to explain the high 86Kr/82Kr ratios we need to look at the material in the winds of the post-AGB phase. We present Kr isotopic compositions predicted by s-process AGB-star models of different masses and metallicities, and compare them to data from stardust SiC grains. We find that to match the high 86Kr/82Kr ratios observed in the large grains, a proton ingestion during the thermal pulse (TP) may be required. We also find that the 84Kr(n,Îł)85Kr neutron-capture cross section should to be lower than the current estimate in order for our models to match the pure s-process value
Leaf litter identity alters the timing of lotic nutrient dynamics
1. The effects of resource quality on ecosystems can shift through time based on preferential use and elemental needs of biotic consumers. For example, leaf litter decomposition rates are strongly controlled by initial litter quality, where labile litter is processed and depleted more quickly than recalcitrant litters.
2. We examined the effect of this processing continuum on stream nutrient dynamics.We added one of four different litter compositions differing in litter quality (cot âtonwood [Populus deltoides], labile; sycamore [Platanus occidentalis], recalcitrant; bur oak [Quercus macrocarpa], recalcitrant; and mixed [equivalent mixture of pre âvious three species]) to 12 large (c. 20 m long, with riffle, glide and pool sections) outdoor stream mesocosms to assess the effect of litter species composition on wholeâstream nutrient uptake. Nutrients were dosed once weekly for 8 weeks to measure uptake of NH4âN, NO3âN, and PO4âP. We also measured changes in lit âter C, N, and P content on days 28 and 56 of the study.
3. Nutrient uptake rates were highly variable, but occasionally very different among litter treatments (c. 5Ă between highest and lowest uptake rates by species). Uptake rates were generally greatest in cottonwood (labile) streams early in the study. However, during the last 4 weeks of the study, bur oak streams (recalci âtrant) took up more nutrients than cottonwood streams, resulting in more cumuâlative NO3âN uptake in bur oak than in cottonwood streams. Cumulative NO3âN uptake was greater in mixed streams than expected (nonâadditive) on two dates of measurement, but was generally additive.
4. Changes in litter nutrient content largely corroborated nutrient uptake patterns, suggesting strong N immobilisation early in the study and some N mineralisation later in the study. P was strongly retained by most litters, but especially bur oak. Nutrient content of litter also largely changed additively, suggesting minimal evi âdence for nonâadditive diversity effects on nutrient source/sink status.
5. Our results demonstrate that litter species identity can have wholeâecosystem effects on stream nutrient dynamics, with important implications for the for fate of nutrients exported downstream. Further, diverse litter assemblages may serve as temporal stabilisers of ecosystem processes, such as nutrient sequestraâtion, due to microbial nutrient requirements and differential decomposition rates, or the classic litter processing continuum.NSF, Grant/Award Number: DEBâ144259
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