Ternary algebras and groups

We construct explicitly groups associated to specific ternary algebras which extend the Lie (super)algebras (called Lie algebras of order three). It turns out that the natural variables which appear in this construction are variables which generate the three-exterior algebra. An explicit matrix representation of a group associated to a peculiar Lie algebra of order three is constructed considering matrices with entry which belong to the three exterior algebra.Comment: 11 pages contribution to the 5th International Symposium on Quantum Theory and Symmetries (QTS5

Capturing Natural Resource Dynamics in Top-Down Energy‑Economic Equilibrium Models

Top-down energy-economic modeling approaches often use deliberately simple techniques to represent heterogeneous resource inputs to production. We show that for some policies, such as feed-in tariffs (FIT) for renewable electricity, detailed representation of renewable resource grades is required to describe the technology more precisely and identify cost-effective policy designs. We extend a hybrid approach for modeling heterogeneity in the quality of natural resource inputs required for renewable energy production in a stylized computable general equilibrium (CGE) framework. Importantly, this approach resolves nearflat or near-vertical sections of the resource supply curve that translate into key features of the marginal cost of wind resource supply, allowing for more realistic policy simulation. In a second step, we represent the shape of a resource supply curve based on more detailed data. We show that for the case of onshore wind development in China, a differentiated FIT design that can only be modeled with the hybrid approach requires less than half of the subsidy budget needed for a uniform FIT design and proves to be more cost-effective.This work was supported by Eni S.p.A., ICF International, the French Development Agency (AFD), and Shell, founding sponsors of the MIT-Tsinghua China Energy and Climate Project. We are further thankful for support provided by the MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change through a consortium of industrial sponsors and U.S. federal grants. In particular, this work was supported by the DOE Integrated Assessment Grant (DE-FG02-94ER61937)

Fauna of the Middle Little Sioux River and Comparison with Upper and Lower Regions

A species list of macroscopic animals is compiled for the middle portion of the Little Sioux River, Iowa. These are tabulated along with published data from regions of the river above and below. The Little Sioux meanders throughout a valley of largely agricultural landscape; it has a relatively high silt load. Chemical differences are not great; some effects of municipal effluent are noted. The number of species is relatively constant (in the 40-60 range); numbers in the uppermost, intermittent stretches and the lowermost, channelized segment are lower (30- 40). Only about 20% of the species are ubiquitous; trends of diversity and distribution are noted in the invertebrates and fishes

Numerical evaluation of the nonlinear Gribov-Levin-Ryskin-Mueller-Qiu evolution equations for nuclear parton distribution functions

We numerically study for the first time the nonlinear GLR-MQ evolution equations for nuclear parton distribution function (nPDFs) to next-to-leading order accuracy and quantify the impact of gluon recombination at small x. Using the nCTEQ15 nPDFs as input, we confirm the importance of the nonlinear corrections for small x ? 10(-3), whose magnitude increases with a decrease of x and an increase of the atomic number A. We find that at x = 10(-5) and for heavy nuclei, after the upward evolution from Q(0) = 2 GeV to Q = 10 GeV, the quark singlet omega(x, Q(2)) and the gluon G(x, Q(2)) distributions become reduced by 9%-15%, respectively. The relative effect is much stronger for the downward evolution from Q(0) = 10 GeV to Q = 2 GeV, where we find that omega(x, Q(2)) is suppressed by 40%, while G(x, Q(2)) is enhanced by 140%. These trends propagate into the F-2(A) (x, Q(2)) nuclear structure function and the F-L(A)(x, Q(2)) longitudinal structure function, which after the downward evolution become reduced by 45% and enhanced by 80%, respectively. Our analysis indicates that the nonlinear effects are most pronounced in F-L(A)(x, Q(2)) and are already quite sizable at x similar to 10(-3) for heavy nuclei. We have checked that our conclusions very weakly depend on the choice of input nPDFs. In particular, using the EPPS21 nPDFs as input, we obtain quantitatively similar results.Peer reviewe

Unexpected Features of Supersymmetry with Central Charges

It is shown that N=2 supersymmetric theories with central charges present some hidden quartic symmetry. This enables us to construct representations of the quartic structure induced by superalgebra representations.Comment: 14 pages, more details have been given, to appear in J. Phys.

Analyzing the Regional Impact of a Fossil Energy Cap in China

Decoupling fossil energy demand from economic growth is crucial to China’s sustainable development. In addition to energy and carbon intensity targets enacted under the Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2011–2015), a coal or fossil energy cap is under discussion as a way to constrain the absolute quantity of energy used. Importantly, implementation of such a cap may be compatible with existing policies and institutions. We evaluate the efficiency and distributional implications of alternative energy cap designs using a numerical general equilibrium model of China’s economy, built on the 2007 regional input-output tables for China and the Global Trade Analysis Project global data set. We find that a national cap on fossil energy implemented through a tax on final energy products and an energy saving allowance trading market is the most costeffective design, while a regional coal-only cap is the least cost-effective design. We further find that a regional coal cap results in large welfare losses in some provinces. Capping fossil energy use at the national level is found to be nearly as cost effective as a national CO2 emissions target that penalizes energy use based on carbon content.We acknowledge the support of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China through the Institute for Energy, Environment, and Economy at Tsinghua University, and the support of the Graduate School at Tsinghua University, which are supporting Zhang Da’s doctoral research as a visiting scholar at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. We further thank Eni S.p.A., ICF International, Shell International Limited, and the French Development Agency (AFD), founding sponsors of the China Energy and Climate Project. We also grateful for support provided by the Social Science Key Research Program from National Social Science Foundation, China of Grant No. 09&ZD029 and by Rio Tinto China. We would further like to thank John Reilly, Sergey Paltsev, Kyung-min Nam, Henry Chen, Paul Kishimoto and Audrey Resutek for helpful comments, discussion and edits

Toward a spatial understanding of staple food and nonstaple food production in Brazil

Brazilian agricultural census data at the municipal level are used to develop and map a simple index of staple food versus nonstaple food agriculture for Brazil over time (1996-2006). The results show spatial variation in the direction and degree of the shift toward or away from staple food cropping across Brazil. The index is presented as an important methodological step toward a systematic geographic understanding of crop share changes surrounding food versus fuel and other nonfood crop production. (1996 ?? 2006 ?) Los datos del censo agropecuario brasileno a nivel municipal se utilizan para desarrollar y cartografiar un indice simple de la agricultura de alimentos esenciales versus la de alimentos no esenciales del Brasil durante un tiempo (1996-2006). Los resultados muestran variacion espacial en la direccion y grado del cambio hacia cultivos para alimentacion esencial, o lo contrario, en Brasil. El indice se presenta como un paso metodologico importante hacia un entendimiento geografico sistematico de cambios hacia un tipo de cosecha compartida que privilegia la produccion de alimentos, contra las cosechas para combustibles y otra produccion no alimentaria66224925

Ground-State SiO Maser Emission Toward Evolved Stars

We have made the first unambiguous detection of vibrational ground-state maser emission from SiO toward six evolved stars. Using the Very Large Array, we simultaneously observed the v=0, J=1-0, 43.4-GHz, ground-state and the v=1, J=1-0, 43.1-GHz, first excited-state transitions of SiO toward the oxygen-rich evolved stars IRC+10011, o Ceti, W Hya, RX Boo, NML Cyg, and R Cas and the S-type star chi Cyg. We detected at least one v=0 SiO maser feature from six of the seven stars observed, with peak maser brightness temperatures ranging from 10,000 K to 108,800 K. In fact, four of the seven v=0 spectra show multiple maser peaks, a phenomenon which has not been previously observed. Ground-state thermal emission was detected for one of the stars, RX Boo, with a peak brightness temperature of 200 K. Comparing the v=0 and the v=1 transitions, we find that the ground-state masers are much weaker with spectral characteristics different from those of the first excited-state masers. For four of the seven stars the velocity dispersion is smaller for the v=0 emission than for the v=1 emission, for one star the dispersions are roughly equivalent, and for two stars (one of which is RX Boo) the velocity spread of the v=0 emission is larger. In most cases, the peak flux density in the v=0 emission spectrum does not coincide with the v=1 maser peak. Although the angular resolution of these VLA observations were insufficient to completely resolve the spatial structure of the SiO emission, the SiO spot maps produced from the interferometric image cubes suggest that the v=0 masers are more extended than their v=1 counterparts

Status Quo der Vermarktung ökologischer Ziegenmilchprodukte: Sicherung von mikrobiologischer Qualität und Authentizität am Modell der Region Hessen

Für eine Status-Quo-Erhebung am Modell der Region Hessen wurden ökologisch bzw. zu Vergleichszwecken konventionell erzeugte Ziegenmilchprodukte (Ziegenkäse) aus Direktvermarktung und Handel auf mikrobiologische Qualität und tierartspezifische Authentizität untersucht. Die mikrobiologischen Untersuchungen von 183 Proben zeigen, dass Ziegenkäse aus regionaler Direktvermarktung in Hessen hinsichtlich Gesundheitsrisiken durch pathogene Keime kein über dem für vergleichbare Produkte liegendes Problem darstellt. Für Ziegenkäse aus einigen Betrieben wurden aber deutliche Hygienemängel festgestellt, in Produkten zweier Betriebe (davon ein ökologisch wirtschaftender Direktvermarkter) mit den stärksten Hygienemängeln wurden zudem Listeria monocytogenes nachgewiesen. Die molekularbiologische Untersuchung von 160 als reine Ziegenmilchprodukte deklarierten Proben mittels PCR ergab, dass - mit Ausnahme der Produkte eines auffälligen Betriebes - ökologischen Produkte aus regionaler Direktvermarktung keine Kuhmilchzusätze enthielten. Bei Importprodukten war der Anteil positiver Proben je nach Ursprungsland sehr unterschiedlich. Insgesamt ergab sich für die untersuchten Parameter somit ein überwiegend positives Gesamtbild, die Produkte einzelner Betriebe mussten jedoch als problematisch angesehen werden. Aufgrund der Befunde erscheint es sinnvoll, zur Sicherstellung einer durchgehend guten Qualität und der gesundheitlichen Unbedenklichkeit in einigen Bereichen, insbesondere im Hinblick auf mikrobiologische Hygienemarker, verstärkt Routineuntersuchungen durchzuführen

Group B Streptococcus colonization in pregnancy: prevalence and prevention strategies of neonatal sepsis

Early onset neonatal sepsis due to Group B streptococci (GBS) is responsible for severe morbidity and mortality of newborns. While different preventive strategies to identify women at risk are being recommended, the optimal strategy depends on the incidence of GBS-sepsis and on the prevalence of anogenital GBS colonization. We therefore aimed to assess the Group B streptococci prevalence and its consequences on different prevention strategies. We analyzed 1316 pregnant women between March 2005 and September 2006 at our institution. The prevalence of GBS colonization was determined by selective cultures of anogenital smears. The presence of risk factors was analyzed. In addition, the direct costs of screening and intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis were estimated for different preventive strategies. The prevalence of GBS colonization was 21%. Any maternal intrapartum risk factor was present in 37%. The direct costs of different prevention strategies have been estimated as follows: risk-based: 18,500 CHF/1000 live births, screening-based: 50,110 CHF/1000 live births, combined screening- and risk-based: 43,495/1000 live births. Strategies to prevent GBS-sepsis in newborn are necessary. With our colonization prevalence of 21%, and the intrapartum risk profile of women, the screening-based approach seems to be superior as compared to a risk-based approac