Z dziejów synkretyzmu filozoficznego w epoce renesansu – Jana Grotowskiego

The article discusses the philosophical syncretism of the Renaissance time period in a lesser known sixteenth century text of Jan Grotowski Ai.e. Socrates, Diogenes and Themistocles. The description of the interlocutors refers both to their antique and Renaissance descriptions. In addition, the issue of nobleness that comes from birth and the one that comes from living a good life is discussed. The notion of virtue as it was presented in Grotowski’s work is outlined, as well as the relations between the body, soul and the spirit included in it that influence the interpretation of the notion “nobleness”

Astrologiczne i humoralne uwarunkowania wyglądu ciała ludzkiego. Johannesa ab Indagine Introductiones apotelesmaticae in Chyromantiam, Physiognomiam, Astrologiam Naturalem complexiones hominum naturas planetarum (1522) na tle kultury umysłowej renesansu

This article describes the impact of humoral theory and astrology on the description of human body in four types of temperaments (choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine and melancholic) in the Renaissance writings. The most important of them is an antique book entitled Introductiones apotelesmaticae in Chyromantiam, Physiognomiam, Astrologiam Naturalem complexiones hominum naturas planetarum  written by Johannes Indagine and printed in 1522. Other books from this period are: Enchiridion Physiognomiae co[m] pe[n]diosu[m]: cu[m] figuris facieru[m]  (1532) by Simonenide Louicz, Problemata Aristotelis. Gadki… o składności członk.w człowieczych  (1535) by Andrzej Glaber, Phisionomia hinc inde ex illustribus scriptoribus… recollecta (1518) by Johann von Glogau. The article describes the humoral theory of diseses, which roots were created by Hippocrates and Galen, and the doctrine of the four humors dominated Medieval and Renaissance medicine. This theory held that in the body there are four humors or bodily fluids (moists) held the secret to temperaments. These humors were: blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm. A proper domination of each fluid was a cause of characteristic patterns of appropriate temperament: melancholic, sanguine, choleric and phlegmatic. The theory of four temperaments was also intrinsically tied to astrology, beginning with a natal birth chart interpretations to the impact of diffrent planets (Zodiac) on the organs in human body. Astrology was also helpful in the interpretation of temperaments (personality types) with their connection to the picture of human face, which was analyzed by the medieval physiognomy and also to physical appearance: shape of the body, colour of the skin, musculature and hair. The article also describes the correlations connecting the theory of four humors with birth (natal) charts and looking which planet has the impact on each temperament and human body, with negative or positive domination of diffrent character qualities. And finally, there is a detailed reconstruction of physiognomic types of human types of four temperaments, based on the book from 1522 Introductiones apotelesmaticae in Chyromantiam, Physiognomiam, Astrologiam Naturalem complexiones hominum naturas planetarum  by Indagine. The author discusses a planet’s positions and conjunctions with other planets in horoscope and their impact on temperament, physical posture, character traits, with some medical comments.This article describes the impact of humoral theory and astrology on the description of human body in four types of temperaments (choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine and melancholic) in the Renaissance writings. The most important of them is an antique book entitled Introductiones apotelesmaticae in Chyromantiam, Physiognomiam, Astrologiam Naturalem complexiones hominum naturas planetarum  written by Johannes Indagine and printed in 1522. Other books from this period are: Enchiridion Physiognomiae co[m] pe[n]diosu[m]: cu[m] figuris facieru[m]  (1532) by Simonenide Louicz, Problemata Aristotelis. Gadki… o składności członk.w człowieczych  (1535) by Andrzej Glaber, Phisionomia hinc inde ex illustribus scriptoribus… recollecta (1518) by Johann von Glogau. The article describes the humoral theory of diseses, which roots were created by Hippocrates and Galen, and the doctrine of the four humors dominated Medieval and Renaissance medicine. This theory held that in the body there are four humors or bodily fluids (moists) held the secret to temperaments. These humors were: blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm. A proper domination of each fluid was a cause of characteristic patterns of appropriate temperament: melancholic, sanguine, choleric and phlegmatic. The theory of four temperaments was also intrinsically tied to astrology, beginning with a natal birth chart interpretations to the impact of diffrent planets (Zodiac) on the organs in human body. Astrology was also helpful in the interpretation of temperaments (personality types) with their connection to the picture of human face, which was analyzed by the medieval physiognomy and also to physical appearance: shape of the body, colour of the skin, musculature and hair. The article also describes the correlations connecting the theory of four humors with birth (natal) charts and looking which planet has the impact on each temperament and human body, with negative or positive domination of diffrent character qualities. And finally, there is a detailed reconstruction of physiognomic types of human types of four temperaments, based on the book from 1522 Introductiones apotelesmaticae in Chyromantiam, Physiognomiam, Astrologiam Naturalem complexiones hominum naturas planetarum  by Indagine. The author discusses a planet’s positions and conjunctions with other planets in horoscope and their impact on temperament, physical posture, character traits, with some medical comments

De temperamentis disputatio medica (1593) – a forgotten work of Daniel Naborowski

The article describes a forgotten work of Daniel Naborowski – “De temperamentis disputatio medica” (1593). Naborowski was a poet who lived at the turn of the 17th century and the work considered here is the result of his medical studies in Switzerland. The article addresses the poet’s scholarly interests, but first and foremost, it focuses on the subject of the research – the theory of temperaments. With ancient lineage and extremely popular in the sixteenth century, the theory was most frequently presented in the contexts of physiognomy, astrology and the lesions that were conditioned by the theory, yet in Naborowski’s work, it gained a new, solely theoretical perspec-tive. It was also concerned with the meticulous consideration of the systematics of temperaments (e.g. their differentiation – one was moderate and eight were merged, as well as their detailed division). The style of these considerations is characteristic for medical works of that period, and they constitute an interesting example of how practical issues in 16th and 17th century medicine were systematized. Furthermore, Naborowski’s considerations are a vivid example of permeable nature of disciplines – philosophy and medicine, and medicine with the broadly understood field of the humanities

Pojęcie kompleksji a teoria humoralna w piśmiennictwier enesansu

This article tries to reconstruct the concept of temperament (complexia) and its links to the theory of four humours in Polish and European Renaissance writings (e.g., both Andrzej Glaber, Szymon of Łowicz, Wojciech Oczko and Johannes ab Indagine). The analysis covers the alleged infl uence of four liquids (black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood) on a person’s body, the empirical methods of identifying one’s temperament, and the Renaissance typology of temperaments (including such categories as ‘good’, ‘bad’, or ‘strong’ humours) and their interpenetration. The article also examines the close relationship between the theory of humours and astrology. Renaissance scholars believed that movements and relative positions of celestial bodies were a key factor in determining any given temperament

Ancient origins of the Renaissance theory of affects

The article deals with the reception of the ancient humoral theory in Polish works of the Renaissance. The reconstruction of the humoral theory is analyzed from its roots – medical schools of Knidos and Kos, through activities of Hippocrates, and especially with the use of Galen’s “concept of tetrads”. Furthermore, following ideas are discussed: the isolation of four bodily fluids: blood, yellow bile, black bile and mucus with its qualities (dryness, moistness, coldness and warmth), the four elements, four seasons and four stages of life, up to the quattuor humores theory as “the theory of macrocosm – microcosm”. The presentation of the foundation of theories is to show the relations and interrelations between the flow of bodily fluids and the affects, additionally ‘contamination’ of moods is pointed out as a probable source of hysterias, with Vitello’s concept of visual sensation as caused by madness. Polemic reference to the humoral theory suggested by Paracelsus is also depicted, it outlines innovative and complex character of his work within the main premises of Renaissance medicine. An essential context of the article is the display of humanistic inclinations of Renaissance people of medicine, whose written works became the source-based work for Wojciech Oczko (among other things his staging of “The Dismissal of the Greek Envoys” by Jan Kochanowski), Józef Struś (with the special emphasis on his poetic works) or Wojciech Nowopolski (concentrating, among other things, on his translations of Erasmus of Rotterdam and Greek literature lectures) and medical fascinations of Renaissance writers, for example, Daniel Naborowski.The article presents the Renaissance theory of affects, referring to its root in antiquity: the theory of four temperaments was created by Hippocrates and Galen. Furthermore, the article discusses individual bodily fluids and their interrelations that occur (with seasons of the year or stages of life), their influence on man’s dispositions, moreover, it shows interrelation with “psychology of character” and “nature of temperaments”. The topic of humanistic fascinations of Renaissance doctors is also mentioned (exemplified by works of Wojciech Oczko, Józef Struś, Wojciech Naborowski), they were often creators of poetic writings and those who were fascinated by antique culture of literature, philosophy and medicine.XXII/1145166

Scientific misconduct in academic papers. Some cases from humanities and social sciences

Autorzy przedstawiają zarys głównych problemów dotyczących nierzetelności naukowej, podając ich definicje. Opisują kilka przypadków jaskrawych naruszeń prawa autorskiego w polskich pracach naukowych. W konkluzji widzą konieczność energicznego działania prewencyjnego przez środowisko akademickie.The authors described an outline of main problems regarding scientific misconduct. The paper is presenting Polish few clear cases of intensive plagiarism and one invented list of scholarly publications. In conclusion, the authors think that swift prevention of increasing bad scientifi c behavior is necessary by academic community

Creative Components in Technical Research Publications – a Study Based on a Case of a Plagiarised Master of Science Thesis

Na podstawie analizy sprawy przejęcia pracy magisterskiej przez promotora i recenzenta oraz opublikowania jej w formie artykułu przedstawiono centralne problemy związane z elementami twórczymi w utworze (szczególnie utworze technicznym oraz pracy dyplomowej). W tym kontekście omówiono również kwestię zapożyczenia, a także różnych form współautorstwa w utworze technicznym oraz zasadności dopisywana się promotora pracy dyplomowej do publikacji, która powstała na jej podstawie.This study is based on a case from a leading Polish technical university in which a Master of Science dissertation was plagiarised by its supervisor and the reviewer in a subsequent scientific publication. The plagiarists not only stole the data, results and creative components from the author of the thesis but also purposely omitted the owner of this intellectual property from the authors’ list. This paper presents fundamental problems resulting from appropriation of data, results and creative components from academic publications that are protected by copyright. The issues discussed include detrimental consequences of spuriously adding academic theses’ supervisors as authors of publications which are extensively derived from these theses. Various forms of joint authorships are also discussed