Influence of climate change scenarios on health safety limits for the presence of atmospheric Benzo[a]Pyrene in Europe

Ponencia presentada en: IX Congreso de la Asociación Española de Climatología celebrado en Almería entre el 28 y el 30 de octubre de 2014.[ES]El impacto del cambio climático en la calidad del aire a largo plazo es un factor que no se está considerando actualmente en los planes de mejora de la calidad del aire establecidos por las diferentes administraciones regionales, nacionales y europeas. Por tanto, es necesario actualizar la información disponible sobre contaminantes orgánicos persistentes (COP) con el fin de incluir los impactos climáticos regionales sobre la calidad del aire. El uso de nuevos modelos climáticos/transporte químico con alta resolución nos permite obtener resultados en periodos climáticamente significativos. Con este objetivo, se ha caracterizado, para el escenario SRES A2, cómo el cambio climático afecta a las concentraciones de fondo de benzo(a)pireno (BaP), un producto químico cancerígeno para los que existen ciertas directrices sobre sus niveles. Pero, sobre todo, se desea estudiar cómo (y dónde) las zonas que superan umbrales peligrosos para la salud sufren de la influencia del cambio climático sobre el continente europeo.[EN]The impact of climate change on air quality in the long term is a factor that is not currently being considered in plans to improve air quality in the different regional, national and European administrations. It is therefore necessary to update the information currently available on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to include regional climatic impacts on air quality, using new regional climate/chemistry transport models with high resolution that allow the establishment of the climate impacts on persistent pollutants, considering the results for significant periods. To this aim, we have characterised, for SRES A2 scenario, how climate change affects background concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a carcinogenic chemical for which some guidelines and legislation already exist. But above all, how (and where) would these current health safety concentration thresholds suffer from the influence of different scenarios outlined for the European continent

Can biomonitors effectively detect airborne benzo[a]pyrene? An evaluation approach using modelling

Biomonitoring data available on levels of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in pineneedles from the Iberian Peninsula were used to estimateair concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and, at thesame time, fuelled the comparison with chemistry transportmodel representations. Simulations with the modelling system WRF+EMEP+CHIMERE were validated against datafrom the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme(EMEP) air sampling network. Modelled atmospheric concentrations were used as a consistent reference in orderto compare the performance of vegetation-to-air estimatingmethods. A spatial and temporal resolution of 9 km and 1 hwas implemented. The field-based database relied on a pineneedles sampling scheme comprising 33 sites in Portugal and37 sites in Spain complemented with the BaP measurementsavailable from the EMEP sites. The ability of pine needlesto act as biomonitoring markers for the atmospheric concentrations of BaP was estimated by converting the levels obtained in pine needles into air concentrations by six differentapproaches, one of them presenting realistic concentrationswhen compared to the modelled atmospheric values. The justification for this study is that the gaps still exist in the knowledge of the life cycles of semi-volatile organic compounds(SVOCs), particularly the partition processes between air andvegetation. The strategy followed in this work allows for theeffective estimation by the model of concentrations in airand vegetation and of the best approaches to estimate atmospheric levels from values found in vegetation

Analysis and Quantification of trans-Resveratrol in Wines from Alentejo Region (Portugal)

A simple procedure for determination of trans-resveratrol in wines from Alentejo region delimited appellation (Portugal) is described and validated. A set of 47 red and 21 white wines was analysed by direct injection in high performance liquid chromatograph with UV detector. A detection limit of 0.06 mg/L was achieved. Global uncertainty associated with the results, according to EURACHEM/CITAC rules, ranged from 16.33 to 27.15 %. Trans-resveratrol was detected in all red wines and in 8 white wines. The amount was consistently higher in the red wines (up to 2.64 mg/L), when compared to the white wines (never exceeding 0.19 mg/L)

Impact of large wildfires on PM10 levels and human mortality in Portugal

Uncontrolled wildfires have a substantial impact on the environment, the economy and local populations. According to the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS), between 2000 and 2013 wildfires burned up to 740 000 ha of land annually in the south of Europe, Portugal being the country with the highest percentage of burned area per square kilometre. However, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding the impacts of the wildfire-related pollutants on the mortality of the country's population. All wildfires occurring during the fire season (June–July–August–September) from 2001 and 2016 were identified, and those with a burned area above 1000 ha (large fires) were considered for the study. During the studied period (2001–2016), more than 2 million ha of forest (929 766 ha from June to September alone) were burned in mainland Portugal. Although large fires only represent less than 1 % of the number of total fires, in terms of burned area their contribution is 46 % (53 % from June to September). To assess the spatial impact of the wildfires, burned areas in each region of Portugal were correlated with PM10 concentrations measured at nearby background air quality monitoring stations. Associations between PM10 and all-cause (excluding injuries, poisoning and external causes) and cause-specific mortality (circulatory and respiratory) were studied for the affected populations using Poisson regression models. A significant positive correlation between burned area and PM10 was found in some regions of Portugal, as well as a significant association between PM10 concentrations and mortality, these being apparently related to large wildfires in some of the regions. The north, centre and inland of Portugal are the most affected areas. The high temperatures and long episodes of drought expected in the future will increase the probabilities of extreme events and therefore the occurrence of wildfires.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Using Design of Experiments to Optimize a Screening Analytical Methodology Based on Solid-Phase Microextraction/Gas Chromatography for the Determination of Volatile Methylsiloxanes in Water

Volatile methylsiloxanes (VMSs) constitute a group of compounds used in a great variety of products, particularly personal care products. Due to their massive use, they are continually discharged into wastewater treatment plants and are increasingly being detected in wastewater and in the environment at low concentrations. The aim of this work was to develop and validate a fast and reliable methodology to screen seven VMSs in water samples, by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The influence of several factors affecting the extraction efficiency was investigated using a design of experiments approach. The main factors were selected (fiber type, sample volume, ionic strength, extraction and desorption time, extraction and desorption temperature) and optimized, employing a central composite design. The optimal conditions were: 65 mu m PDMS/Divinylbenzene fiber, 10 mL sample, 19.5% NaCl, 39 min extraction time, 10 min desorption time, and 33 degrees C and 240 degrees C as extraction and desorption temperature, respectively. The methodology was successfully validated, showing low detection limits (up to 24 ng/L), good precision (relative standard deviations below 15%), and accuracy ranging from 62% to 104% in wastewater, tap, and river water samples

Climate drivers of the 2017 devastating fires in Portugal

A record 500,000 hectares burned in Portugal during the extreme wildfire season of 2017, with more than 120 human lives lost. Here we analyse the climatic factors responsible for the burned area (BA) from June to October series in Portugal for the period 1980-2017. Superposed onto a substantially stationary trend on BA data, strong oscillations on shorter time scales were detected. Here we show that they are significantly affected by the compound effect of summer (June-July-August) drought and high temperature conditions during the fire season. Drought conditions were calculated using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Soil Moisture Index (SSI). Then the extent to which the burned area has diverged from climate-expected trends was assessed. Our results indicate that in the absence of other drivers, climate change would have led to higher BA values. In addition, the 2017 extreme fire season is well captured with the model forced with climate drivers only, suggesting that the extreme fire season of 2017 could be a prelude to future conditions and likewise events. Indeed, the expected further increase of drought and high temperature conditions in forthcoming decades, point at a potential increase of fire risk in this region. The climate-fire model developed in this study could be useful to develop more skilled seasonal predictions capable of anticipating potentially hazardous conditions

Population exposure to particulate-matter and related mortality due to the Portuguese wildfires in October 2017 driven by storm Ophelia

In October 2017, hundreds of wildfires ravaged the forests of the north and centre of Portugal. The fires were fanned by strong winds as tropical storm Ophelia swept the Iberian coast, dragging up smoke (together with Saharan dust from north-western Africa) into higher western European latitudes. Here we analyse the long-range transport of particulate matter (PM10) and study associations between PM10 and short-term mortality in the Portuguese population exposed to PM10 due to the October 2017 wildfires, the worst fire sequence in the country over the last decades. We analysed space- and ground-level observations to track the smoke plume and dust trajectory over Portugal and Europe, and to access PM10 concentrations during the wildfires. The effects of PM10 on mortality were evaluated using satellite data for exposure and Poisson regression models. The smoke plume covered most western European countries (including Spain, France, Belgium and the Netherlands), and reached the United Kingdom, where the population was exposed in average to an additional PM10 level of 11.7 µg/m3 during seven smoky days (three with dust) in relation to the reference days (days without smoke or dust), revealing the impact of the wildfires on distant populations. In Portugal, the population was exposed in average to additional PM10 levels that varied from 16.2 to 120.6 µg/m3 in smoky days with dust and from 6.1 to 20.9 µg/m3 in dust-free smoky days. Results suggest that PM10 had a significant effect on the same day natural and cardiorespiratory mortalities during the month of October 2017. For every additional 10 µg/m3 of PM10, there was a 0.89% (95% confidence interval, CI, 0-1.77%) increase in the number of natural deaths and a 2.34% (95% CI, 0.99-3.66%) increase in the number of cardiorespiratory-related deaths. With rising temperatures and a higher frequency of storms due to climate change, PM from Iberian wildfires together with NW African dust will tend to be more often transported into Northern European countries, which may carry health threats to areas far from the ignition sites.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Global evaluation of the chemical hazard of recycled tire crumb rubber employed on worldwide synthetic turf football pitches

Social and environmental concern about the use of crumb rubber from end-of-life car tires in the construction of different sport and recreational facilities is increasing due to the presence of hazardous compounds. The aim of this research was the assessment of 42 organic chemicals, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, adipates, antioxidants and vulcanisation agents in a large number of infill samples (91) from synthetic turf football pitches of diverse characteristics and geographical origin. Samples were taken worldwide, in 17 countries on 4 continents, to show the global dimension of this problem. Ultrasound assisted extraction was employed to extract the target compounds, followed by gas chromatography coupled to tandem-mass spectrometry (UAE-GC–MS/MS). Seventy-eight crumb rubber samples as well as thirteen samples of alternatives materials, such as cork granulates, thermoplastic elastomers and coconut fibre, were analyzed. The results highlight the presence of all target PAH in most rubber samples at concentrations up to μg g−1, including the eight ECHA (European Chemicals Agency) PAHs considered as carcinogenic, and anthracene (ANC), pyrene (PYR) and benzo[ghi]perylene (B[ghi]P), catalogued as substances of very high concern (SVHC). Endocrine disruptors such as some plasticizers (mainly phthalates), and other compounds like benzothiazole (BTZ) and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBTZ) were found reaching the mg g−1 level. This confirms the presence of the hazardous substances in the recycled crumb rubber samples collected all around the world. Three crumb rubber samples exceeded the limit of 20 μg g−1 for the sum of the eight ECHA PAHs. Regarding the chemical composition of other infill alternatives, cork appears to be adequate, while the thermoplastic elastomers contained high levels of some plasticizers. In addition, the plastic infill as well as the crumb rubber both are microplastics. Microplastics are considered contaminants of emerging concern since they do not biodegrade and remain in the environment for a long timeThis research was supported by projects RETOS PID2019-104336RB-I00 (Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain) and UNST10-1E-491 (Infrastructure Program, Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain). The authors belong to RED2018-102522-T (Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Spain) and to the Galician Competitive Research Groups IN607B 2019/13 and ED431 2020/06 (Xunta de Galicia). This study is based upon work from COST Action CA16215 and from the Sample Preparation Study Group and Network, supported by the Division of Analytical Chemistry of the European Chemical Society. All these programs are co-funded by FEDER (EU). This work was also financially supported by: (i) Base Funding UIDB/00511 2020 of the Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), by national funds through the FCT/ MCTES (PIDDAC); (ii) Project SAFEGOAL (Ref. PTDC/EQU-EQU/28101/2017; POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028101), funded by FEDER funds through COMPETE2020 – Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI) and by national funds (PIDDAC) through FCT/ MCTES. N.R. thanks the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) for the financial support of his work contract through the Scientific Employment Stimulus - Institutional Call - [CEECINST/00049/2018]S

Estimation of urban POP and emerging SVOC levels employing Ligustrum lucidum leaves

Many persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been banned in many countries including Argentina after enforcing the Stockholm Convention in 2014, while other emerging semi-volatile organic contaminants (SVOCs) are considered to enter the list due to their known environmental persistence and toxicity. However, there is still very little information regarding the distribution of these chemicals in the environment in developing countries. To address this issue, we employed leaves of Ligustrum lucidum Ait. as a passive monitor to estimate urban levels of polychlorinated biphenyls, brominated flame retardants and hexachlorobenzene (PCBs, BFRs, and HCB, respectively) considering three different land use areas in Córdoba city (Argentina). We found higher PCB values in urban and industrial areas, which could be attributed to local emission sources as well as a long-range transport of lightweight compound. BFRs were more abundant in the urban areas indicating that their main emission source is the volatilization from polymeric materials. HCB, on the other hand, was equally distributed at the three sampling areas. Overall, POP and SVOC levels were similar or even lower than some other urban environments and even comparable with remote places elsewhere.Fil: Graziani, Natalia Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Tames, María Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Mateos, Ana Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Silva, José Avelino. Universidad de Porto; PortugalFil: Ramos, Sara. Universidad de Porto; PortugalFil: Homem, Vera. Universidad de Porto; PortugalFil: Ratola, Nuno. Universidad de Porto; PortugalFil: Carreras, Hebe Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentin