The Coordination Polymer Cr(en) 2 As 2 VO 7 Consisting of Alternating VO 4 Tetrahedra and As 2 O 5 Handles Decorated by Cr 3+ Centered Complexes

The new coordination polymer Cr(en)2As2VO7 (en=ethylenediamine) was synthesized under solvothermal conditions as deep red crystals. In the crystal structure VO4 tetrahedra and As2O5 handles formed by corner-sharing of two AsO3 pyramidal units are joined by common oxygen atoms into an undulated chain that is directed along the crystallographic b-axis. The chain is decorated by [Cr(en)2]3+ complexes with the Cr3+ cation having bonds to two terminal O2− anions of the As2O5 moiety thus generating a CrN4O2 octahedron, which displays a cis-configuration. The connection mode between Cr3+ and As2O5 leads to formation of a six-membered CrAs2O3 ring. The chains are arranged in a layer-like fashion in the (001) plane and these layers are stacked along [001]. A large number of N−H⋅⋅⋅O and C−H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonds generate a three dimensional network. A Hirshfeld surface analysis was performed for visualizing the extended interchain interactions. The hydrogen bonding interactions are clearly detected in the IR spectrum. The UV-Vis spectrum shows an absorption at 2.3 eV which is in agreement with the red color of the sample

"Be og du skal få"

Master's thesis in Change managementFormålet med denne masterstudien har vært å undersøke om selvledelse og behovet for anerkjennelse kan stå i strid med hverandre i organisasjonen. Målet har vært å belyse hvordan opplever medarbeidere som leder seg selv å bli sett og anerkjent av ledelsen, og hvilke utfordringer kan oppstå hvis deres behov for anerkjennelse ikke dekkes. Metoden som er brukt i denne undersøkelsen er casestudie med kvalitative dybdeintervjuer. Datainnsamlingen er gjort med 12 informanter i et eiendomsutviklingsfirma. Resultatene fra undersøkelsen viser at som en konsekvens av bedriftens selvledelseskultur har det spunnet ut en be og du skal få kultur, fordi når medarbeidere leder seg selv ser ikke lederen hva de gjør, og de er nødt til å synliggjøre seg for ham og be om feedback og anerkjennelse for å få det. Resultatene viser at det er et gap mellom det å måtte be om feedback og anerkjennelse og behov for gjensidig feedback og gjensidig anerkjennelse hos et klart mindretall, og det er sannsynlig at god kollegastøtte virker kompenserende da felleskapet tillegges stor vekt. Utfordringene handler om å måtte selv ta initiativ, ikke verdsatt for ekstra innsats, ny og utrygg i rollen og grensesettingsproblemer

Complexity in Non-Pharmacological Caregiving Activities at the End of Life: An International Qualitative Study

In a qualitative study reported by Olav Lindqvist and colleagues, the range of nonpharmacological caregiving activities used in the last days of a patient's life are described

Cross-infection of virulent Dichelobacter nodosus between sheep and co-grazing cattle

AbstractDichelobacter nodosus is the main aetiological agent of ovine footrot and the bacterium has also been associated with interdigital dermatitis is cattle. The aim of this study was to investigate possible cross-infection of virulent D. nodosus between sheep and co-grazing cattle. Five farms, where sheep previously diagnosed with virulent D. nodosus were co-grazing with cattle for different periods of time, were included. The study sample consisted of 200 cows and 50 sheep. All cows were examined for the presence of interdigital dermatitis, and ten ewes, preferably with symptoms of footrot, had the footrot scores recorded. On each farm, the same ten ewes and ten cows were chosen for bacterial analyses. Swabs were analysed for D. nodosus by PCR and culturing. D. nodosus isolates were virulence-tested and assigned to serogroups by fimA variant determination. Biopsies were evaluated histopathologically and analysed by fluorescent in situ hybridization for D. nodosus, Treponema spp. and Fusobacterium necrophorum. D. nodosus defined as virulent by the gelatin gel test were isolated from 16 sheep from four farms and from five cows from two of the same farms. All five cows had interdigital dermatitis. Two of the cows stayed infected for at least eight months. By pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), the isolates from the five cows were found to be genetically indistinguishable or closely related to isolates from sheep from the same farm. This indicates that cross-infection between sheep and cows have occurred

Agronomic performance of two generations (F12 and F13) of thirteen winter wheat composite cross wheat populations with differing cultivation histories in 2014/15.

As environmental and agronomic conditions are heterogeneous between and within locations, diversity within varieties or crop populations should increase adaptability to the changing and variable range of growing environments. The additional pressure of plant genetic diversity loss, has driven novel breeding approaches such as Composite Cross Populations (CCPs) and other genotype mixtures, thereby increasing both intra- and inter-varietal diversity and ensuring a “wider adaptation” capacity for crop varieties (Döring et al., 2011). A winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) CCP was created by intercrossing 20 varieties in 2001, through collaboration with the Elm Farm Research Centre and the John Innes Institute. In 2005, a seed batch of the F4 was equally divided and distributed to Hungary and Germany. In 2007, it was decided to submit one of the CCPs to changes in environments every year. A pattern was developed between eight partners whereby these “cycling” populations would be grown in a plot of >100m2 and sent to the next cycling partner the following year. The aim of the project was to compare a total of 13 populations that all originated from the same seed batch in 2005, but that have been exposed to vastly different climatic conditions over time, in one site (Germany). In 2014/15, the second experimental year, saved seed from 2013 (F12) and harvested seed from 2014 (F13) were sown, in order to compare two generations in one growing season. The experimental year 2014/15 was characterized by long dry periods, particularly between February and June 2015, and under these dry conditions most populations outyielded the selected reference varieties. There was no effect of differential seed size of the two generations for most agronomic characteristics for each population. Although the harvested TGW of both the F12 and the F13 of each population was not significantly different from one another, there were still significant differences of harvested TGW between the populations in the F12. These significant differences of harvested TGW were no longer present in the F13 between each population after one year under the same management system. These results indicate that the heritability of seed size is low as has been shown before (Silvertown, 1989) and that seed size variation tends to be a result of phenotypic plasticity, which is thought to be adaptive, especially as the result of environmental variation (Marshall et al., 1985; Vaughton and Ramsey, 1998; Lehtilä and Ehrlén, 2005)

COMAP Early Science: VI. A First Look at the COMAP Galactic Plane Survey

We present early results from the COMAP Galactic Plane Survey conducted between June 2019 and April 2021, spanning $20^\circ<\ell<40^\circ$ in Galactic longitude and |b|<1.\!\!^{\circ}5 in Galactic latitude with an angular resolution of $4.5^{\prime}$. The full survey will span $\ell \sim 20^{\circ}$- $220^{\circ}$ and will be the first large-scale radio continuum survey at $30$ GHz with sub-degree resolution. We present initial results from the first part of the survey, including diffuse emission and spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of HII regions and supernova remnants. Using low and high frequency surveys to constrain free-free and thermal dust emission contributions, we find evidence of excess flux density at $30\,$GHz in six regions that we interpret as anomalous microwave emission. Furthermore we model UCHII contributions using data from the $5\,$GHz CORNISH catalogue and reject this as the cause of the $30\,$GHz excess. Six known supernova remnants (SNR) are detected at $30\,$GHz, and we measure spectral indices consistent with the literature or show evidence of steepening. The flux density of the SNR W44 at $30\,$GHz is consistent with a power-law extrapolation from lower frequencies with no indication of spectral steepening in contrast with recent results from the Sardinia Radio Telescope. We also extract five hydrogen radio recombination lines to map the warm ionized gas, which can be used to estimate electron temperatures or to constrain continuum free-free emission. The full COMAP Galactic plane survey, to be released in 2023/2024, will be an invaluable resource for Galactic astrophysics.Comment: Paper 6 of 7 in series. 28 pages, 10 figures, submitted to Ap

COMAP Early Science: III. CO Data Processing

We describe the first season COMAP analysis pipeline that converts raw detector readouts to calibrated sky maps. This pipeline implements four main steps: gain calibration, filtering, data selection, and map-making. Absolute gain calibration relies on a combination of instrumental and astrophysical sources, while relative gain calibration exploits real-time total-power variations. High efficiency filtering is achieved through spectroscopic common-mode rejection within and across receivers, resulting in nearly uncorrelated white noise within single-frequency channels. Consequently, near-optimal but biased maps are produced by binning the filtered time stream into pixelized maps; the corresponding signal bias transfer function is estimated through simulations. Data selection is performed automatically through a series of goodness-of-fit statistics, including $\chi^2$ and multi-scale correlation tests. Applying this pipeline to the first-season COMAP data, we produce a dataset with very low levels of correlated noise. We find that one of our two scanning strategies (the Lissajous type) is sensitive to residual instrumental systematics. As a result, we no longer use this type of scan and exclude data taken this way from our Season 1 power spectrum estimates. We perform a careful analysis of our data processing and observing efficiencies and take account of planned improvements to estimate our future performance. Power spectrum results derived from the first-season COMAP maps are presented and discussed in companion papers.Comment: Paper 3 of 7 in series. 26 pages, 23 figures, submitted to Ap

COMAP Early Science: IV. Power Spectrum Methodology and Results

We present the power spectrum methodology used for the first-season COMAP analysis, and assess the quality of the current data set. The main results are derived through the Feed-feed Pseudo-Cross-Spectrum (FPXS) method, which is a robust estimator with respect to both noise modeling errors and experimental systematics. We use effective transfer functions to take into account the effects of instrumental beam smoothing and various filter operations applied during the low-level data processing. The power spectra estimated in this way have allowed us to identify a systematic error associated with one of our two scanning strategies, believed to be due to residual ground or atmospheric contamination. We omit these data from our analysis and no longer use this scanning technique for observations. We present the power spectra from our first season of observing and demonstrate that the uncertainties are integrating as expected for uncorrelated noise, with any residual systematics suppressed to a level below the noise. Using the FPXS method, and combining data on scales $k=0.051-0.62 \,\mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$ we estimate $P_\mathrm{CO}(k) = -2.7 \pm 1.7 \times 10^4\mu\textrm{K}^2\mathrm{Mpc}^3$, the first direct 3D constraint on the clustering component of the CO(1-0) power spectrum in the literature.Comment: Paper 4 of 7 in series. 18 pages, 11 figures, as accepted in Ap

COMAP Early Science: VII. Prospects for CO Intensity Mapping at Reionization

We introduce COMAP-EoR, the next generation of the Carbon Monoxide Mapping Array Project aimed at extending CO intensity mapping to the Epoch of Reionization. COMAP-EoR supplements the existing 30 GHz COMAP Pathfinder with two additional 30 GHz instruments and a new 16 GHz receiver. This combination of frequencies will be able to simultaneously map CO(1--0) and CO(2--1) at reionization redshifts ($z\sim5-8$) in addition to providing a significant boost to the $z\sim3$ sensitivity of the Pathfinder. We examine a set of existing models of the EoR CO signal, and find power spectra spanning several orders of magnitude, highlighting our extreme ignorance about this period of cosmic history and the value of the COMAP-EoR measurement. We carry out the most detailed forecast to date of an intensity mapping cross-correlation, and find that five out of the six models we consider yield signal to noise ratios (S/N) $\gtrsim20$ for COMAP-EoR, with the brightest reaching a S/N above 400. We show that, for these models, COMAP-EoR can make a detailed measurement of the cosmic molecular gas history from $z\sim2-8$, as well as probe the population of faint, star-forming galaxies predicted by these models to be undetectable by traditional surveys. We show that, for the single model that does not predict numerous faint emitters, a COMAP-EoR-type measurement is required to rule out their existence. We briefly explore prospects for a third-generation Expanded Reionization Array (COMAP-ERA) capable of detecting the faintest models and characterizing the brightest signals in extreme detail.Comment: Paper 7 of 7 in series. 19 pages, 10 figures, to be submitted to Ap

COMAP Early Science: V. Constraints and Forecasts at z∼3z \sim 3

We present the current state of models for the $z\sim3$ carbon monoxide (CO) line-intensity signal targeted by the CO Mapping Array Project (COMAP) Pathfinder in the context of its early science results. Our fiducial model, relating dark matter halo properties to CO luminosities, informs parameter priors with empirical models of the galaxy-halo connection and previous CO(1-0) observations. The Pathfinder early science data spanning wavenumbers $k=0.051$-$0.62\,$Mpc$^{-1}$ represent the first direct 3D constraint on the clustering component of the CO(1-0) power spectrum. Our 95% upper limit on the redshift-space clustering amplitude $A_{\rm clust}\lesssim70\,\mu$K$^2$ greatly improves on the indirect upper limit of $420\,\mu$K$^2$ reported from the CO Power Spectrum Survey (COPSS) measurement at $k\sim1\,$Mpc$^{-1}$. The COMAP limit excludes a subset of models from previous literature, and constrains interpretation of the COPSS results, demonstrating the complementary nature of COMAP and interferometric CO surveys. Using line bias expectations from our priors, we also constrain the squared mean line intensity-bias product, $\langle{Tb}\rangle^2\lesssim50\,\mu$K$^2$, and the cosmic molecular gas density, $\rho_\text{H2}<2.5\times10^8\,M_\odot\,$Mpc$^{-3}$ (95% upper limits). Based on early instrument performance and our current CO signal estimates, we forecast that the five-year Pathfinder campaign will detect the CO power spectrum with overall signal-to-noise of 9-17. Between then and now, we also expect to detect the CO-galaxy cross-spectrum using overlapping galaxy survey data, enabling enhanced inferences of cosmic star-formation and galaxy-evolution history.Comment: Paper 5 of 7 in series. 17 pages + appendix and bibliography (30 pages total); 15 figures, 6 tables; accepted for publication in ApJ; v3 reflects the accepted version with minor changes and additions to tex