The effect of continuous and intermittent training on resting level and acute response of salivary IgA and total protein in male basketball players

زمینه و هدف: ایمونوگلوبولین A بزاقی (S-IgA) اصلی ترین بخش سیستم ایمنی در مجاری تنفسی فوقانی می باشد. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تاثیر تمرینات تداومی و تناوبی بر سطوح استراحتی و پاسخ سریع ایمنی مخاطی انجام شده است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه نیمه تجربی 20 بسکتبالیست مرد به مدت هشت هفته تمرینات تداومی و تناوبی را انجام دادند. پنج میلی لیتر بزاق تحریک نشده قبل، بلافاصله و یکساعت پس از پایان یک جلسه فعالیت در آغاز و پایان دوره جهت تعیین پاسخ سریع ایمنی مخاطی جمع آوری شد. همچنین هر دو هفته یکبار قبل از تمرین نمونه های بزاقی جمع آوری شد. میزان ایمنوگلوبولین A و پروتئین تام بزاق اندازه گیری و داده ها به کمک آزمون های آماری اسمیرنوف-کولموگروف تحلیل واریانس یک طرفه و t زوجی تجزیه و تحلیل گردید. یافته ها: یک جلسه فعالیت در آغاز هفته اول موجب کاهش معنی دار S-IgA شد (001/0

The effect of exercise mode and intensity of submaximal physical activities on salivary testosterone to cortisol ratio and α-amylase in young active males

We examined the effect of exercise intensity and mode on the acute responses of free testosterone to cortisol ratio and salivary α-amylase. We also evaluated the relationship between cortisol and salivary α-amylase. Ten healthy young active males participated voluntarily in this study in six single sessions. They exercised on a cycle ergo meter, treadmill, and elliptical instrument at intensities of 70% and 85% maximum heart rate for 25 minutes. Saliva samples were collected 5 minutes before and 5 minutes after each exercise session. No significant changes were observed for cortisol. Free testosterone to cortisol ratio increased during each exercise session (F5, 45=3.15, P=0.02). However, these changes are only significant after exercise on the treadmill at 70% maximum heart rate (t=2.94, P=0.02) and 85% maximum heart rate (t=0.53, P=0.03). Salivary α-amylase significantly varied among exercise sessions (F5, 45=3.97, P=0.005), and a significant decline was observed after exercise on the elliptical instrument (t=2.38, P=0.04) and treadmill (t=3.55, P=0.006) at 85% maximum heart rate. We found that the free testosterone to cortisol ratio is dependent on the exercise mode, while the salivary α-amylase response is dependent on the intensity of exercise. The increase of free testosterone to cortisol ratio in this study may indicate lower physiological stress in response to performing these exercises. Applying muscular strength with moderate intensity weight-bearing exercises possibly activates the anabolic pathways. Although the cortisol and salivary α-amylase responses were opposite in the majority of the exercise sessions, no significant inverse relationship was observed

UTJECAJ VRSTE AKTIVNOSTI NA LIPIDNI PROFIL I KONCENTRACIJU ADIPONEKTINA U SEDENTARNIH MUŠKARACA

The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of the type of exercise on lipid profile and adiponectin level in sedentary young men by 24-hour follow up exercise. Thirty young males with normal body mass index (BMI) were selected randomly and assigned to three groups: aerobic (30 min activity with 60 to 70% maximum oxygen uptake), resistance (3 sets of 10 repetitions at 70% of one maximum repetition), and concurrent (aerobic exercise for 20 min and resistance exercise for 2 sets) exercise. Lipid and adiponectin profiles were measured before and 24-hour after exercise. Results indicated that the type of exercise had an effect on the lipid response but did not have an effect on the concentration of adiponectin. The concentrations of cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in resistance group reduced significantly 24- hour after exercise in comparison to the basic values (p<0,05). Moreover, the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration also reduced but it was not significant. The type of exercise had no effect on triglyceride (TG) response. However, when group\u27s data combined, there was a significant reduction in TG concentration. Based on the results, it is concluded that the adiponectin responses to exercise are independent of the type of exercise but resistance exercise has more positive effects on changes in lipid profile than aerobic and concurrent exercises.Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je usporediti utjecaj vrste vježbanja na lipidni profil i razinu adiponektina u sedentarnih mladića od 24-sata nakon treninga. Trideset mladih muškaraca s normalnim indeksom tjelesne mase (BMI) odabrani su nasumično i razvrstani u tri skupine: aerobnu (30 min aerobnih aktivnosti sa 60 do 70% od maksimalnog primitka kisika), skupinu treninga snage (3 serije po 10 ponavljanja na 70% od 1RM), te mješovitu (aerobna tjelovježba kroz 20 min i trening snage sa 2 serije) Lipidni i adiponektinski profili su mjereni prije i 24 sata nakon vježbanja. Rezultati su pokazali da vrsta vježbe ima utjecaj na lipidni odgovor, ali nema utjecaj na koncentraciju adiponektina. Koncentracije ukupnog kolesterola i HDL-C kolesterola u grupi treninga snage je značajno smanjena 24-sata nakon vježbanja u usporedbi s osnovnim vrijednostima (p<0,05). Osim toga, kolesterol niske gustoće (LDL-C) se također smanjio, ali ne značajno. Vrsta aktivnosti nije imala utjecaja na trigliceride (U skupini mješovitih aktivnosti uočeno je značajno smanjenje koncentracije triglicerida. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata zaključuje se da adiponektinski odgovor ovisi o vrsti vježbe, ali vježbe snage imaju pozitivnije učinke na promjene lipidnog profila od aerobnih vježbi

Treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma using anti-HER2 immunonanoshells

Reza Fekrazad2, Neda Hakimiha3, Enice Farokhi3, Mohammad Javad Rasaee4, Mehdi Shafiee Ardestani5, Katayoun AM Kalhori2, Farzaneh Sheikholeslami1 1Research &amp;amp; Development Department, Production and Research Division of the Pasteur Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran; 2Dental Department, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Laser Research Center, Dental Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences; 3Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran; 4Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; 5Hepatitis and AIDS Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran Background: Worldwide, oral squamous cell carcinoma (potentially mediated by HER2) is recognized as the most commonly occurring malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity. Anti-HER2 nanobodies conjugated to gold-silica nanoshells and used as photothermal treatment for oral squamous cell carcinoma may provide a novel therapeutic alternative to current treatment for this disease. Methods: KB epithelial or HeLaS3 cell cultures (controls) were exposed to these immunonanoshells, and plasmon resonance electron initiation specific to gold was employed to burn the tumor cells. Results: Following this treatment, significant cell death occurred in the KB tumor cell cultures while there was no evidence of cellular damage or death in the HeLaS3 cell cultures. Conclusion: These findings suggest that photothermal treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma has considerable advantages. Keywords: anti-HER2 immunonanoshells, gold-silica nanoshells, photothermal treatment, oral squamous cell carcinom

Novel approach of vaccination against Brucella abortus 544 based on a combination of fusion proteins, human serum albumin and brucella abortus Lipopolysaccharides.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Brucella abortus is an essential component for developing the subunit vaccine against brucellosis. B. abortus LPS was extracted by n-butanol, purified by ultracentrifugation and detoxified by alkaline treatment. Pyrogenicity and toxicity of B. abortus LPS and detoxified–LPS (D-LPS) were analyzed and compared with LPS of E. coli. Different groups of mice were immunized intraperitoneally with purified B. abortus LPS, D-LPS, a combination of LPS with human serum albumin (LPS-HSA) and B. abortus S19 bacteria; besides, control mice were inoculated with sterile saline. Two doses of vaccine were given 4 weeks apart. Mice were challenged intraperitoneally with virulent B. abortus 544 strain 4 weeks after the second dose of vaccine. Sera and spleens of mice were harvested 4 weeks after challenge. LPS-B. abortus was 10,000-fold less potent in LAL test and 100-fold less potent in eliciting fever in rabbits than in E. coli LPS. And D-LPS was very less potent in LAL test and eliciting fever in rabbits ordinary LPS. The antibody titer of anti-LPS immunoglobulin G (IgG) was higher than D-LPS. However, mice immunized with either LPS, D-LPS or LPS-HSA vaccines showed a significant protection against infection of the spleen (p<0.01). There was no significant difference between mice immunized with LPS and D-LPS in terms of protection (p<0.99). Therefore, it was concluded that D-LPS and LPS-HSA for B. abortus can be used as safer and more potent vaccines than ordinary LPS-B. abortus vaccine

Opium Induces Apoptosis in Jurkat Cells

Background: The direct effect of some opioids on immune cells has been demonstrated. The aim of this study was to assess the apoptotic effect of opium on Jurkat T lymphocyte cells. Methods: Different concentrations of opium (2.86 × 10-3 to 2.86 × 10-11 g/ml) were added to 24-well plates containing 5 × 105 Jurkat cells. Apoptotic events were assessed after 6, 24, and 72 hours by flow-cytometric detection of surface phosphatidylserine. Findings: Significant differences in apoptosis of Jurkat cells were seen at 24 and 72 hours in different concentrations of opium (P < 0.05). After 72 hours, significant increase in necrosis of Jurkat cells was seen in opium concentration of 2.85 × 10-3 g/ml compared to cells without opium (control) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: These results showed that opium directly increases apoptosis and necrosis of T lymphocytes. This effect may play a role in immune dysfunction in opium addicts.Keywords: Opium, Apoptosis, Necrosis, Jurkat cell

Identification of Wild Type Streptococcus Zooepidemicus and Optimization of Culture Medium and Fermentation Conditions for Production of Hyaluronic Acid

Strptococcusequi subsp. Zooepidemicus (S. zooepdemicus) is among the hyaluronic acid (HA) producing bacterial strains. Due to its pervasive applications in medicine and cosmetics, HA is an economically valuable product. Therefore, charactering a novel high yield HA producing strain seems to be industrially appealing. In this regard we characterized a novel strain of S. zooepdemicususing. Thereafter, the amenable carbon and nitrogen sources were determined and optimized using one factor at a time approach. To have the highest yields of HA production during the fermentation, Taguchi orthogonal arrays were used to design 9 experiments. Our results revealed that glucose (30g/L) and yeast extract (70g/L) are the best carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. Moreover, according to our results the optimum culture conditions regarding the temperature, DO, rotate speed and pH were 37p C, 50%, 300rpm and 7 respectively. The prioritized order of factors affecting HA production were as: temperature &gt; DO &gt; rotate speed &gt; initial pH. The 103.84% increase in HA production under the optimum culture medium and conditions approves the robustness of the adopted approach. Since the wild type strain demonstrated high intrinsic capability of HA production in optimum conditions, this novel strain could be employed for large scale production of HA

Enhanced hyluronic acid production in Streptococcus zooepidemicus by over expressing HasA and molecular weight control with Niscin and glucose

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a high molecular weight linear polysaccharide, endowed with unique physiological and biological properties. Given its unique properties, HA have unprecedented applications in the fields of medicine and cosmetics. The ever growing demand for HA production is the driving force behind the need for finding and developing novel and amenable sources of the HA producers. Microbial fermentation of Streptococcus zooepidemicus deemed as one the most expeditious and pervasive methods of HA production. Herein, a wild type Streptococcus zooepidemicus, intrinsically expressing high levels of HA, was selected and optimized for HA production. HasA gene was amplified and introduced into the wild type Streptococcus zooepidemicus, under the control of Nisin promoter. The HasA over-expression increased the HA production, while the molecular weight was decreased. In order to compensate for molecular weight loss, the glucose concentration was increased to an optimum amount of 90 g/L. It is hypostatizes that excess glucose would rectify the distribution of the monomers and each HasA molecule would be provided with sufficient amount of substrates to lengthen the HA molecules. Arriving at an improved strain and optimized cultivating condition would pave the way for industrial grade HA production with high quality and quantity. Keywords: Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Hyaluronic acid, HasA, Glucose, Molecular weigh

Discovery of Novel Peptidomimetics for Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor using Phage Display Technology: Designing a BDNF-mimicking peptide

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a neuroprotectant candidate for neurodegenerative diseases. However, there are several clinical concerns about its therapeutic applications. In the current study, we selected BDNF-mimicking small peptides from phage-displayed peptide library as alternative molecules to the clinical challenges. The peptide library was screened against BDNF receptor (Neurotrophic Tyrosine Kinase Receptor Type 2, NTRK2) and evaluated by ELISA. Polyclonal phage ELISA indicated that target populations were enriched round by round and the panning process was truly effective. The results of monoclonal phage-ELISA showed that all clones had principally bound to NTRK2 but fifteen best clones were sequenced, which twelve of them have SGVYKVAYDWQH (peptide 1) sequence, two pairs were GLHTSATNLYLH (peptide 2), and TVLSHPSTATLI (peptide 3) and one sequence was QQRPYVQDLRLI (peptide 4). Alignment of these peptides and BDNF sequence showed that the resulting peptides conformationally mimicked loop 2 (E40-KVPVSKGQLK-Q51) of BDNF. This region of BDNF is responsible for specific receptor binding and biological activity. According to the similarity of these peptides with BDNF, they could be considered as novel peptidomimetics with therapeutic properties. In addition, modeled peptides were submitted to Protein Model Data Base (peptides 1, 2, 3 and 4 as PMDB ID: PM0081104, PM0081105, PM0081106, PM0081107, respectively)

Preparation and preliminary studies of [64Cu]-antiMUC-1 for breast cancer targeting

PR81 is a monoclonal antibody that binds with high affinity to MUC1 that over expressed on breast tumors. PR81 is considered a suitable targeting molecule that was radiolabeled using Cu-64 for positron imaging studies. The monoclonal antibody was conjugated with DOTA moiety and after purification was evaluated for radiochemical purity, immunoreactivity, cell toxicity and structure integrity as well as biodistribution study in normal rats. The radiolabeled antibody prepared with acceptable radiochemical purity (> 93.2 &plusmn; 0.6 %, ITLC; specific activity; 4.6 &micro;Ci/&micro;g), protein structure integration, significant cytotoxicity and significant immunoreactivity retention was assessed by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Animal biodistribution of the 64Cu-DOTA-PR81 was consistent with other radiolabeled antibodies. The results showed that 64Cu-DOTA-PR81 may be considered for tumor imaging for ultimate diagnosis and follow-up of MUC1 expression in oncology