Perikanan dan Terumbu Karang yang Rusak: Bagaimana Mengelolanya?

Terumbu karang telah mengalami degradasi yang serius oleh berbagai aktivitasmanusia. Di sisi lain, nelayan pesisir sangat bergantung pada perikanan terumbukarang. Terumbu karang memberikan beberapa fungsi ekologi terhadap biotalaut (ikan dan invertebrata), yaitu sebagai daerah pemijahan, daerahpembesaran, dan daerah mencari makan. Terumbu karang yang sehat denganstruktur bio-fisik yang kompleks akan menyediakan makanan yang maksimalterhadap pelbagai organisme, menyediakan mikrohabitat yang baik untukberlangsungnya proses-proses reproduksi dan perlekatan larva, dan memberiperlindungan fisik dari predator (khususnya untuk larva). Kerusakan terumbukarang akan memberikan pengaruh tidak hanya berupa penurunan keragamanhayati tetapi juga berdampak sosial-ekonomi bagi masyarakat pesisir (nelayan).Oleh karena itu, diperlukan kegiatan-kegiatan yang terkait dengan USAha-USAhaagar dapat membatasi kerusakan tersebut (regulasi), dan melindungi ataumelakukan restorasi terhadap terumbu karang yang rusak

ACCELERATION OF CORAL REEF RECOVERY FROM BLEACHING PHENOMENON WITH TRANSPLANTATION METHOD IN LIUKANGLOE ISLAND IN 2019

. The aim of this study were to analyze the success of coral reef restoration techniques due to the coral bleaching phenomenon by using several forms of dead coral substrates as a transplantation technique based on the growth and survival of several types of transplanted fragments and to analyze the linkages between coral transplanted growth and environemtal factors. Growth and survival of the transplanted corals on a natural substrate with measured environmental parameters. There are three observation stations for each form of dead coral substrate (natural substrate) which will be used as an attachment medium. The area selection is based on the extent of the bleaching event at a depth of 3-5m. The technique for restoring coral reefs that will be carried out was the transplantation technique which was carried out by three methods, namely by 1) utilizing a natural substrate (dead coral as a coral attachment medium) with a massive form, 2) utilizing a natural substrate with a branching form, and 3) utilizing a natural substrate with a tabulate form. Corals used as transplant fragments were Acropora nobilis, Acropora formosa, and Porites cylindrica. In this study, several environmental parameters were measured, i.e., temperature, salinity, pH, and current velocity. Based on the growth and survival rate values of the Acropora nobilis, A. formosa, and Porites cylindrica species, the use of dead coral substrates (massive, tabulate, and branching) as natural substrates is equally effective in rehabilitating coral reefs due to the bleaching phenomenon. The mean value of coral growth on massive media ranged from 0.04 - 0.35 cm, Tabulate media ranged from 0.04 - 0.32 cm, branching media ranged from 0.04 - 0.20 cm, and on natural media as control media ranged from 0.08 - 0.35 cm. The survival rate of transplanted corals for 4 months of observation showed a relatively high value with general survival rates ranging from 86.67% - 93.33%. Based on the type of media used, it has the same survival value in massive media, i.e., 93.33%, while in tabulate media the survival value is around 86.67% -93.33% and Acropora media is around 90% -93.33%

Perbandingan Efektivitas Penggunaan Beberapa Metode dalam Monitoring Kondisi Terumbu Karang

Terumbu karang merupakan salah satu potensi kekayaan laut Indonesia, yang bila dikelola dan dimanfaatkan secara baik akan dapat memberikan nilai ekonomi yang tinggi bagi masyarakat. Untuk dapat mengelola terumbu karang dengan baik diperlukan dukungan data yang valid sebagai dasar dalam merumuskan suatu kebijakan. Salah satu data yang diperlukan yaitu tutupan dasar terumbu karang yang diperoleh dengan menggunakan suatu metode tertentu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas dari beberapa metode pemantauan yang umum digunakan dalam monitoring terumbu karang berdasarkan pendekatan statistik di Perairan Pulau Barranglompo dengan menggunakan tiga metode berbeda yang dibandingkandengan nilai sebenarnya (Metode Transek Kuadran). Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa metode UPT merupakan metode yang efektif digunakan karena memiliki nilai koefisien variasi dan kesalahan baku yang paling kecil diantara metode lain yang dibandingkan berdasarkan tutupan karang hidupnya. Metode UPT juga lebih konsisten menghasilkan data yang tercermin dari nilai standar error yang lebih kecil. Meskipun diantara ketiga metode (LIT, PIT, dan UPT) yang diperbandingkan dengan nilai sebenarnya metode PIT merupakan metode yang menghasilkan nilai tutupan karang hidup yang lebih tinggi dari metode yang lain, namun koefisien variasi dan standar error yang dihasilkan juga relatif lebih tinggi sehingga tidak menjadi metode yang efektif untuk digunakan

LINKAGES BETWEEN CORAL REEF CONDITIONS WITH THE DISTRIBUTION AND DIVERSITY OF MEGABENTHIC FAUNA IN THE WATERS OF BARRANGLOMPO ISLAND, MAKASSAR CITY

Coral reefs are the most diverse and complex underwater ecosystems in terms of biodiversity, including megabenthic fauna. Megabenthos is organism with a size of more than 1 cm that lives on the bottom/substrate of waters which includes attached, crawling and burrowing biota on the seabed. The research was conducted using the Line Intercept Transect and Benthos Belt Transect methods. The results of the study of coral conditions showed the percentage of live coral cover with conditions from bad to very good. The bad category was found in the west (24.56%) and south of the island (20.55%). The moderate category was found in the northwest (45.35%) and southwest of the island (30.08%) while the very good category was found in the north (80.68%) and south of the island (75.92%). The megabenthos found at the study site were 26 species from 10 megabenthos classes with densities in each category of coral conditions ranging from 12.11 to 23.51 individual/m². The highest density was found in moderate coral conditions dominated by Polycarpa aurata species and the lowest in very good coral conditions with the highest number of species found in poor coral conditions with 21 species and the lowest in very good conditions with 11 species. The species diversity (H') of megabenthos at the study site is in the low category. The high number of megabenthic species was associated with high dead coral and algae cover while high megabenthic density was associated with high other and abiotic cover in the form of sand substrate

CONDITION OF CORAL AND REEF FISH IN THE LOCATION OF FISH CATCHING USING DYNAMITE FISHING IN KAPOPOSANG WATER PARK AND THE SURROUNDING SEA

Dynamite fishing is one of the causes of damage to the coral reef ecosystem in Indonesia. Fishing activities using explosives (dynamite fishing) occur because of the desire of fishermen to get a lot of catch with low cost in a short time. Kapoposang Water Park (WP) is a region rich in marine biological resources. However, dynamite fishing activities which are still found within the area have caused the coral reef ecosystem to be severely damaged. The results showed a lower difference in the percentage of live coral cover at dynamite fishing locations (DF1, DF2) compared to control locations (K1, K2). In addition, the highest average values of coral fish abundance were found at locations K1, DF1, and DF2. Conversely, the results of the analysis found the lowest fish abundance at the K2 location. Different from the average number of reef fish species that were higher at the control location (K1, K2) compared to dynamite fishing locations (DF1, DF2). For the target fish biomass there is no real difference between the control location and dynamite fishing

METODE TRANSPLANTASI SPONS LAUT JENIS Aaptos aaptos SCHMIDT DENGAN TEKNIK FRAGMENTASI

Spons laut telah diketahui mengandung senyawa bioaktif yang cukup banyak, namun ada beberapa ancaman yang dapat mmengancam sumber daya ini, yaitu peningkatan degradasi lingkungan (terumbu karang), penurunan populasi akibat ekstrasi sumber daya termasuk dalam pencairan senyawa-senyawa baru dan untuk hiasan aquarium, dan penyakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan metode transplantasi terbaik spons laut berdasarkan sintasan dan pertumbuhan dan menguraikan keterkaitan antara pertumbuhan dan faktor lingkungan.\ud Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan cara menganalisis secara deskriptif peubah sintasan antara tiga metode yaitu ;Metode Ikat (MI), Metode Jaring (MJ) dan Metde Tusuk (MT) pada masing-masing habitat. Pertumbuhan pada tiga habitat dianalisis pada Metode Jaring dengan uji t-Student.\ud Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode jaring memberikan sintasan dan pertumbuhan yang terbaik dengan nilai rataan masing-masing 7,12 ??? 2,85 mm dan 100% Rataan pertumbuhan mutlak bulanan sdpons antara tiga habitat pada MJ tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata. Pertumbuhan Aaaptos aaptos yang tinggi terjadi di habitat karang hidup dan karang mati di bulan Juli dan September. Pertumbuhan yang tinggi tersebut terkait dengan BOT, NO3 dan PO4 yang cukup tinggi, sedangkan pertumbuhan yang rendah terjadi di daerah berpasir pada semua bulan yang terkait dengan kekeruhan dan kecepatan arus yang tinggi

Dynamics of Herbivorous Fish and Its Role in Controlling Algal Coverage in Coral Reef Restoration Area Affected by the Bleaching Phenomenon in 2016

Coral reefs in the waters of Liukangloe Island were reported to have experienced a bleaching phenomenon in May 2016 and rehabilitation efforts were carried out in 2019. This study aimed to analyze the structure of the herbivorous fish community and its role in controlling algal cover in the rehabilitation area. Observations of herbivorous fish were carried out using visual census techniques on an area of ​​4m2 and observation of algae in 0.5x0.5 m2 transects on several coral attachment media from dead coral substrates. The results showed that the proportion of herbivorous fish species in the transplant area ranged from 15.81-58.67% and the proportion of individuals ranged from 12.51-34.62%. The dynamics of the number of species and abundance of herbivorous reef fish did not show significant differences between substrates and had the same dynamic pattern in all substrates uses but varied temporally according to the time of observation. The exception is the rubble area which continues to increase until the end of the observation. A high number of herbivorous fish species richness was observed in the branching and natural coral substrates and low in the rubble substrate.  The abundance of herbivorous reef fish showed a significant and negative relationship to algal cover and confirmed that the presence of herbivorous reef fish could control or reduce the value of algal cover.Terumbu karang di perairan Pulau Liukangloe dilaporkan mengalami fenomena bleaching di bulan Mei 2016 dan usaha rehabilitasinya telah dilakukan di tahun 2019.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis struktur komunitas ikan herbivora dan perannya dalam mengontrol tutupan alga di area rehabilitasi.  Pengamatan ikan herbivora dilakukan dengan teknik visual sensus pada luasan 4m2 dan pengamatan alga dalam transek 0,5x0,5 m2 pada beberapa media pelekatan karang dari substrat karang mati. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proporsi jumlah jenis ikan herbivora  di area transplantasi berkisar 15,81 – 58,67% dan proporsi jumlah individunya berkisar 12,51 – 34,62%.   Dinamika jumlah jenis dan kelimpahan ikan karang herbivora tidak menunjukkan perbedaan nyata antara substrat dan memiliki pola dinamika yang sama di semua  penggunaan substrat, namun bervariasi secara temporal menurut waktu pengamatan.  Pengecualian pada area rubble yang terus meningkat sampai akhir pengamatan. Kekayaan jumlah jenis ikan herbivora yang tinggi teramati di substrat branching dan karang alami dan yang rendah di substrat rubble.  Kelimpahan ikan karang herbivora memperlihatkan hubungan yang negatif dan nyata terhadap tutupan alga dan menegaskan bahwa kehadiran ikan karang herbivora dapat mengontrol atau menurunkan nilai tutupan alga

Coral Bleaching: Influences on the Coral Reef Communities

Artikel ini sdh dimuat di Jurnal hayati Vol 8 tahun 2001 hal 69-90Coral reefs are among the most sensitive ecosystems to long-term climate change. In addition, between 50% and 70% of\ud all corals reefs are directly threatened by human activities. One of the natural phenomena in coral reefs is bleaching, as a\ud consequence of stress of climate changed (possibly due to the increase in temperature). Six major episodes of coral bleaching\ud have occurred since 1979, with massive mortalities of coral affecting reefs in every part of the world. Entire reef systems have\ud died following bleaching events. I would like to represent three important factors i.e. biological, physiological and ecological\ud have significantly influenced the bleaching of coral reef communities. The biological influences were responsible in increasing\ud coral mortality, decreasing of growth and calcification as well as reproduction capacity. The physiological influences involved\ud decreasing photosynthesis and photosynthetic efficiency. The principal consequences of excess irradiance absorption\ud are photoinhibitory damage to the photosystem n reaction center and generalized damage to membranes and proteins by\ud singlet oxygen, superoxide and other free radicals. While, ecological influences include decreasing of coral reef condition,\ud productivity and biodiversity, as well as the changes in communities structure. The reduced ability to grow and calcification\ud may also translate into a reduced ability to compete space with other organisms

DURATION AND SPAWNING PERIOD OF TROPICAL CORALS Acropora nobilis AND Pocillopora verrucosa AT CORAL REEFS OF BARRANG LOMPO ISLAND, MAKASSAR

Artikel ini telah diterbitkan di Jurnal Torani Vol 13 edisi Desember 2003There have been great quantity of studies in many aspects on coral sexual reproduction, but only few studies on duration and period of reproduction have been explored. Hence, this research was gained to investigate spawning duration and period of Acropora nobilis and Pocillopora verrucosa; and to analyze the relationship among colonies size, duration and period of spawning and number of mature egg per polyp slice. Divings were made at night to record spawning duration and period directly through one moon cycle. The number of mature egg per polyp slice was determined by histological approach. The results showed that spawning corals occurred at the full and dark moon. In the dark moon phase, spawning duration of A. nobilis has longer time (83???142 min) and significantly different to P. verrucosa (75???110 min). However, there were no difference of spawning period between species found (A. nobilis: 2-3 nights; P. verrucosa: 1-3 nights). The relationship among colony diameter to duration and period of spawning and number of mature egg were revealed a significant polynomial. This relatonship showed explicitly that there was a decreasing duration and period of spawning as well as number of mature egg in bigger colony size (elder colony) after passing the reproductive size or age

BEBERAPA ASPEK REPRODUKSI SEKSUAL KARANG TROPIK Acropora nobilis DAN Pocillopora verrucosa

Artikel in sdh dipresentasekan dalam acara seminar naional biologi di Makassar September 2008 dan sdh diterbitkan dlm bentuk prosidingReproduksi seksual karang sangat ditentukan oleh berbagai faktor lingkungan. Strategi bereproduksi suatu jenis karang merupakan suatu usaha untuk mempertahankan kelangsungan hidup yang berhubungan dengan kondisi lingkungan dimana karang tersebut hidup. Penelitian ini mencoba mempelajari struktur dan kondisi gonad karang tropik A. nobilis dan P. verrucosa melalui pendekatan histologi. Penelitian ini juga mencoba mengungkap tipe seksualitas, cara dan pola reproduksinya. \ud Dalam penelitian ini digunakan dua spesies karang bercabang yang memiliki penyebaran yang luas dengan kelimpahan yang tinggi, yaitu karang A. nobilis dan P. verrucosa. Pengambilan sampel histologi dilakukan berdasarkan siklus bulan selama dua bulan pengamatan menurut penanggalan bulan Qomariah (dua siklus bulan). Sebanyak 10 koloni dengan diameter >20 cm diambil contohnya secara acak dalam suatu area untuk setiap kali sampling, satu hari sebelum masuk fase bulan yang dipertimbangkan. Satu potongan bagian tengah cabang yang tua (besar) dengan panjang ?? 5 cm diambil contohnya untuk setiap sampling dari masing-masing spesies. Prosedur preparasi sampel untuk analisis histologi dilakukan berdasarkan petunjuk Humason (1962) dan Glynn et al. (1991 dan 1994).\ud Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gonad karang A. nobilis dan P. verrucosa berasosiasi dengan 12 mesenteri utama. Gonad tersebut berkembang dari suatu sel benih (germ cells) yang berbentuk dambel dan merupakan perluasan dari filamen mesenteri. Gonad matang berkembang dalam lapisan mesoglea dari filamen mesenteri. Adapun seksualitas kedua jenis karang yang diteliti tergolong hermafrodit simultan dan bereproduksi dengan cara pemijahan (spawning). Jadi dapat dinyatakan bahwa karang A. nobilis dan P. verrucosa memiliki pola bereproduksi yang bersifat pemijah yang hermafrodit simultan (broadcast spawning simultaneous hermaphrodite)