PLC Based Load Sharing of Transformers

The transformer is very expensive and bulky power system equipment. It runs and feed the load for 24 hours a day. Sometimes the load on the transformer unexpectedly rises above its rated capacity in that situation the load on the transformer increases and it will be overloaded and current will increase and cause overheating which in results damage the insulation of transformer. That insulation failure resulting in interruption of power supply. The common problems which transformer face is overloading voltage fluctuations and heating effect. It takes lot of time to fix the transformer so that a device need to be introduced a device which would help in automatically sharing of these over voltages. We will try to build an automated transformer sharing system in this project where the transformer current is confined to auxiliary transformer and automatically enters system. There are three transformers working as sources in this project, initially when the main switched ON the load that time load will be shared through the first transformer but when the load on first transformer suddenly increase above its reference value then immediately second transformer connected parallel with first transformer automatically through PLC by busing relay circuit

Promoting oil seed crops in Pakistan: Prospects and constraints

Oilseeds in Pakistan characterizes a policy failure as the production of oilseeds as well as edible oil has been on the decline despite various initiatives. The country has been augmenting growing demand-supply gap through imports since early 1970. The domestic production contributes only 13-15 percent of the total consumption while 85-87 percent is met through imports. Per capita consumption of vegetable oil has risen from 5.31 kg in 1973-74 to 20 kg in 2018 and is likely to move to 22 kg by 2028 projecting total consumption to 6.5 million tons by 2028 against current local production of less than 0.5 million tons, widening the demand-supply gap further. The import bill for these products has reached over US$4 billion in FY2021 which is straining the balance of trade and the balance of payment. With global uncertainties and challenges facing the oilseeds sector including the sharp price fluctuations and market instability and favorable tariffs for imports, the import bill is likely to move upward underscoring the need for well thought out policy and planning

Seed system of Pakistan: Policy challenges and prospects

The seed industry in Pakistan has undergone significant developments since the 1950s and has transitioned from ‘Green Revolution’ to ‘Gene Revolution’. The 2015 amendment in the Seed Act, 1976, and the enactment of Plant Breeders’ Rights Act and Rules have provided long awaited intellectual property protection for proprietary seed. Notwithstanding this fundamental change, the challenge of effective enforcement of intellectual property rights remains. This paper presents how the seed industry has evolved over the years through evaluating the regulatory and institutional framework along with looking into the major challenges that still plague the seed system of Pakistan. It also explores how the private sector can be incentivized to invest in the seed sector while protecting the farmers’ rights. Findings reveal that there seems to be a lot of scope for strengthening the seed system of Pakistan via encouraging private sector participation mainly through developing proactive markets with strong institutional mechanism along with scientific and time bound regulatory approval framework. An appraisal of the international best practices divulges that technological backstopping, developing public-private partnerships, building institutional capacity for effective enforcement of regulatory regime and availability of information to farmers for selecting quality seed are equally vital for creating a well-functioning seed system in Pakistan

Response surface optimization of gamma radiation-induced variation in functional quality of Nelumbo nucifera rhizome flour at various particle sizes

The cumulative effect of particle size (PS), gamma radiation dose (GRD), and suspension period (SP) on the functional quality of N. nucifera rhizome flour was optimized. A tri-factorial central composite design was constructed at five levels of each of PS, GRD, and SP. The N. nucifera rhizome flour at the selected particle sizes (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 μm) was subjected to gamma irradiation at the selected levels of GRD (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 kGy) followed by the analysis of its functional properties at different levels of SP (6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 h). The response-surface analysis showed a statistically significant linear positive effect of PS on the water absorption capacity (WAC) and swelling capacity (SC) and a linear negative effect on protein solubility index (PSI) ( p=0.000-0.028). The GRD showed a significant linear positive effect on oil absorption capacity (OAC) and PSI while a linear negative effect on WAC and SC (p=0.000-0.008). The PS and GRD showed significant quadratic negative effects on WAC, OAC, and SC. However, the SP showed no significant linear effect on the studied functional properties of the flou

Role of Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism in Psychosocial Deprivation among Females Patients

Background: Patients with rare diseases such as congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) are often challenged to be isolated, lack proper medical care and face negative social consequences. Furthermore, pubertal development is the period of rapid and nearly simultaneous transformation of biological, physical, social, and psychological domains of an individual. Hence, the process of personal transformation is also affected in children with pubertal delay. Due to delay in the growth process, the individual looks different from her or his peers and may have negative consequences on the psychological and social interactions. Objective: The disparities in the growth and development may cause an increase in psychosocial problems and negative peer relationship. Hence, this study was designed to observe psychosocial consequences of delayed puberty in female with CHH. Design: Cross sectional study. Place & duration of study: The data were collected from CHH patients visiting public sector hospitals over a period of 18 months. Patients & Methods: The demographic information, complete medical history, psychological and psychosocial symptoms of the 52 female CHH patients were recorded on the questionnaire. Results: The present study demonstrated that most of the patients were frustrated due to poor body image, low self-esteem, feeling themselves behind the peers, and were with complaints of depression and anxiety. The other psychological symptoms include anger, irritability, loneliness, eating and sleeping disturbances. Conclusion: It was concluded that the delayed sexual maturation has resulted in frustration, low self-esteem and increased anxiety and depression in cohort of local females with CHH

Frequency of Musculoskeletal Discomforts and its Association with Various Breastfeeding Positions among Nursing Mothers

Objective: To determine the association between musculoskeletal discomforts and breastfeeding positions among nursing mothers.Methodology: It was an analytical cross-sectional conducted from January 2023 to June 2023 at Imran Idrees Teaching Hospital and Idrees Hospital, Cantt Sialkot. The participants were selected using a convenient sampling technique. All 232 participants were recruited after the informed consent who met the inclusion criteria for the study. A musculoskeletal discomfort form developed from the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was used as an outcome measuring tool. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to analyze the data. Results: The mean age of participants is 28.91±4.10 years. The majority of the participants had 1 breastfeeding child N=181 (78.0%), postpartum duration 1-3 months N=86 (37.1%), with the frequency of breastfeeding 1-3 sessions/day N= 87(37.5%) respectively. Most nursing mothers had a caesarian section as their mode of delivery N=120 (51.7%) and cross-cradle hold was the most common breastfeeding position N=83 (35.8%) causing musculoskeletal discomfort among N=213 (91.8%) of participants. Chi-square showed a significant association for ache/pain and discomfort in the regions of shoulders, elbows, wrist/hands as (p=0.00); upper back (p=0.01) and neck (p=0.02) at significance level 0.05. For prevention scale regions of the neck (p=0.00), wrist/hand, low back (p=0.01)and trouble scale regions of the upper back (p=0.01), shoulder, wrist/hand (p=0.02) respectively. Conclusion: The Musculoskeletal discomforts were more pronounced in regions of the neck, shoulders, elbows, and wrists, upper/lower back with the breastfeeding positions among nursing mothers.Key Words: Breastfeeding positions, musculoskeletal pain, nursing mothers, postur

Frequency of Disc Degeneration at Different Levels of Lumbar Vertebrae in Adult Patients with Backache on Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Objective:To Determine the Frequency of Disc Degeneration at Different Levels of lumbar Vertebrae in Adult Patients with lower back Pain on Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Study Design: An analytical cross-sectional descriptive study was performed. Settings: The study was performed in Bashir Neurospine Institute and Al-Razi Healthcare center, Lahore. Period: An Analytical cross sectional study was conducted from 15 October,2020 to 15 January 2021. Material and Methods: In our study, all those adult patients with lower back pain, obese, dull ache, numbness, tingling, pins and needle sensations, muscles spasms were included. And those patients who were not giving consent, spondylosis, lumbar spine stenosis, cervical and thoracic abnormalities, paedes, and those who were uncooperative were excluded. Data was tabulated and analyze with the help of statistical package for the social science (SPSS version 24). The data was reported using cross sectional descriptive statistics. Results: In our research out of 160 patients 89 females and 51 males were those who  diagnosed with disc degeneration and 10 females and 10 male in which disc degeneration was absent. 10 patients out of 160 patients were those who diagnosed with disc degeneration at the level of L1 - L2 between the age of 24 to 87, 8 patients were those in which disc degeneration present at the level of L2- L3 between the age of 43 to 87, 31 patients were those in which disc degeneration present at the level of L3-L4 and  96 patients diagnosed with  disc degeneration present at the level of L4- L5 which is the lowest lumbar vertebra between the age of 55 to 80 years. Overall out of 160 patients only 3 patients were those who represent with mild pain (25yrs) and 102 were those who came with moderate pain (27-90yrs) and 55 patients who represent with severe backache (30 to 89yrs). In this research out of 160(100%) patients only 102  patients (63%) are those who present with moderate pain and 55 patients (34%)with severe pain .At L1-L2   disc degeneration only 5 patients (50%) were those who came with moderate and 5( 50% )with severe pain. At L2-L3 disc degeneration two patients (25%) with moderate and six patients (75%)with severe pain .At L3-L4 disc degeneration 11 patients (35.4%) with moderate and 20(64.5%) with severe pain. At L4-L5 disc degeneration 51 patients (53%) with moderate pain and 45 patients (46.8%) with severe pain. Our study also revealed that elevated BMI patients had high frequency of disc degeneration. Conclusion: This study conclude that lumbar disc degeneration was approximately in women than men who were represented with lower back pain. Minority of patients had normal lumbar MRI findings. Most of the degeneration occurs at the lowest lumbar vertebrae i.e. L4- L5 and patients who were presented with elevated BMI have increased risk of disc degeneration. Keywords: Lumbar vertebrae, Magnetic resonance imaging, lower back pain. Degenerative disc disease. DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/90-17 Publication date:June 30th 2021

Frequency of Disc Degeneration at Different Levels of Cervical Vertebrae in Adult Patients with Neck Pain on Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background:Disc degeneration is terminology used for heterogeneous changes affecting the anatomy and physiology of the intervertebral disc. Disc degeneration alters the material properties of the intervertebral disc leading to an unfavorable distribution and transmission of stress to adjacent spinal structures.Objective:The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of disc degeneration at different level of cervical vertebrae in adult patients with neck pain on magnetic resonance imaging.Methodology:In this descriptive study 180 adult patients were included. All patients had been collected from DHQ hospital Gilgit and Ghurki Trust teaching hospital. After informed consent, data were collected through 1.5 tesla GE (closed bore) and 0.35 tesla Hitachi (open bore) MRI machines.Results:Findings show that among 180 adult patients, 136 presented with disc degeneration among which 81 were males and 55 were females. Among 81 males, 63 had disc degeneration at multiple levels while 18 had single disc degeneration. In females 35 patients showed multiple disc degeneration while 20 involved a single disc.Conclusion:It is concluded that disc degeneration is prevalent in males than females. Disc degeneration at multiple levels is higher than single disc degeneration in both genders. Keywords: Disc degeneration, magnetic resonance imaging, intervertebral disc. DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/71-02 Publication date: February 29th 202

Antidiabetic potential of Nigella sativa L seed oil in alloxaninduced diabetic rabbits

Purpose: To evaluate the antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant potential of seed oil of Nigella sativa L (NSO). Methods: Nigella sativa seed oil (NSO) was extracted with Soxhlet apparatus using petroleum ether, and was given orally at a dose of 2.5 ml/kg body weight to alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits daily for 24 days. Biochemical parameters including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), very low lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and plasma glucose were determined in the treatment and control groups. Furthermore, bilirubin, vitamin C, catalase and mean body weight were assessed. Results: NSO treatment significantly lowered serum blood glucose levels and lipid contents, but increased the mean body weight, HDL-C and vitamin C levels of diabetic rabbits (p < 0.001). Moreover, NSO significantly decreased catalase activity, TC, TGs, LDL-C and VLDL-C levels, but normalized bilirubin levels in diabetic rabbits. Conclusion: These results indicate that NSO possesses significant antidiabetic potential. Thus, it may be useful as an adjunct with antidiabetic medication but further studies are required to ascertain this. Keywords: Black cumin, Diabetes, Hypoglycemic, Hypolipidemic, Antioxidant