Glycogen Kinetics of Wistar Rats: Different Exercise Intensities and Tissue Analyzed Influence

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(2): 289-299, 2022. The aim of this study is to verify the influence of the intensity on muscle and hepatic glycogen depletion and recovery kinetics of Wistar rats, submitted to three acute training sessions with equalized loads. 81 male Wistar rats performed an incremental test to determine maximal running speed (MRS) and divided into 4 groups: baseline group (Control; n = 9); low intensity training session (GZ1; n = 24; 48 minutes at 50% of MRS); moderate intensity group (GZ2; n = 24; 32 minutes at 75% of MRS) and high intensity group (GZ3; n = 24; 5x5 minutes and 20 seconds at 90% of MRS). Immediately after the sessions and after 6, 12 and 24 hours, 6 animals from each subgroup were euthanized for glycogen quantification in soleus and EDL muscles and liver. A Two-Way ANOVA and the Fisher\u27s Post-hoc test was used (p \u3c 0.05). Glycogen supercompensation occurred between 6 and 12 hours after exercise in muscle tissue and 24 after exercise in the liver. The muscle and hepatic glycogen depletion and recovery kinetics are not modulated by exercise intensity since the load was equalized, but effects were distinct in different tissues. Hepatic glycogenolysis and muscle glycogen synthesis processes seem to run in parallel

Adipose tissue extracellular matrix remodeling in response to dietary patterns and exercise : molecular landscape, mechanistic insights, and therapeutic approaches

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a 3-dimensional network of molecules that play a central role in differentiation, migration, and survival for maintaining normal homeostasis. It seems that ECM remodeling is required for adipose tissue expansion. Despite evidence indicating that ECM is an essential component of tissue physiology, adipose tissue ECM has received limited attention. Hence, there is great interest in approaches to neutralize the harmful effects of ECM enlargement. This review compiles and discusses the current literature on adipose tissue ECM remodeling in response to different dietary patterns and exercise training. High-calorie diets result in substantial adipose tissue ECM remodeling, which in turn could lead to fibrosis (excess deposition of collagens, elastin, and fibronectin), inflammation, and the onset of metabolic dysfunction. However, combining a nutritionally balanced diet with exercise is a remarkable potential strategy for lipolytic activity, preventing rapid ECM expansion in different adipose tissue depots. Despite the distinct exercise modalities (aerobic or resistance exercise) reversing adipose tissue fibrosis in animal models, the beneficial effect on humans remains controversial. Defining molecular pathways and specific mechanisms that mediate the positive effects on adipose tissue, ECM is essential in developing optimized interventions to improve health and clinical outcomes

O que influencia o desejo de ter um filho nos jovens adultos

Enquadramento: O Índice Sintético de Fecundidade (ISF) português é dos mais baixos da Europa. No entanto, o desejo de cada individuo jovem ter um filho, sem qualquer restrição é superior ao valor de referência para a substituição de gerações. Objectivos: Compreender a relação entre as variáveis sociodemográficas, as variáveis de contexto sexual e reprodutivo e as variáveis psicológicas com o desejo de ter um filho. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo-correlacional. A amostra é não probabilistica por conveniência com uma média de idade de 20,79 anos (dp=2,785). O protocolo de investigação foi um questionário que caracteriza o perfil sociodemográfico, sexual e reprodutivo da amostra. Foi incluído o “QVPM” (Matos& Costa, 2001), “QVA” (Matos& Costa, 2001), “Questionário de desejo de ter um filho” (Leal, 1999) e escala de Auto estima de (Rosenberg, 1965, adaptado 1999). Resultados: É no sexo feminino e no grupo etário ≤ 19 anos que o desejo de ter um filho é maior. O desejo de ter um filho diminui com a idade. Ter namorado(a), pertencer a uma família alargada, não ter irmãos e ser proveniente de uma zona rural estão relacionados com maior desejo de ter um filho, no entanto sem diferenças estatísticas significativas. Os estudantes do primeiro ano apresentam maior desejo de ter um filho no futuro e este diminui conforme a progressão no ensino (ano de curso) e aproximação do mercado de trabalho. Os que apresentam maior desejo de ser pais com base em sentimentos relativos à parentalidade frequentam menos a consulta de planeamento familiar. Observaram-se diferenças estatísticas significativas entre o número de filhos desejado no futuro e o desejo de ter um filho. O nível de conhecimento sobre fertilidade não influencia o desejo de ter um filho. Quanto maior a ansiedade de separação da mãe (vinculação à mãe), a dependência da vinculação amorosa, a ansiedade de separação do pai (vinculação ao pai) e a auto estima, maior é o desejo de ter um filho. Conclusões: O desejo de ter um filho é um construto ao longo da vida, pelo que os enfermeiros acompanhando o ciclo vital do individuo contribuem para a promoção e capacitação da parentalidade nomeadamente através da: avaliação e promoção do vinculo parental e promoção da saúde sexual e reprodutiva. Palavras chave: Jovem adulto, parentalidade, vinculação amorosa, auto estima.Abstract: Framework: The Portuguese Synthetic Fertility Index (ISF) is among the lowest in Europe. However, the desire of each young individual to have a child without any restriction is higher than the reference value for the replacement of generations. Objective: Understand the relationship between sociodemographic variables, sexual and reproductive health variables, and psychological variables with the desire to have a child. Methods: Quantitative, descriptive-correlational study. A non-probabilistic for convenience sampling with an average age of 20.79 years (sd = 2.785). The research protocol was a questionnaire that characterizes the sociodemographic, sexual and reproductive profile of the sample and includes the “QVPM” (Matos& Costa, 2001), “QVA” (Matos& Costa, 2001), “Questionário de desejo de ter um filho” (Leal, 1999) and Rosenberg Self – esteem scale (Rosenberg, 1965, adap.1999). Results: It is in the female sex and in the age group ≤ 19 years that the desire to have a child is higher. The desire to have a child decreases with age. Having a boyfriend, belonging to an extended family, not having siblings and being from the countryside are related to higher desire to have a child, however without significant statistical differences. In the first year students the desire to have a child is higher and this decreases with the progression in school’s year and the approaching of labor market. Those who are more likely to be parents based on feelings about parenting are less likely to attend family planning visits. Significant statistical differences were observed between the number of children desired in the future and the desire to have a child. The level of knowledge about fertility does not influence the desire to have a child. The greater the separation anxiety of the mother (attachment to the mother), the dependence of the love bond, the separation anxiety of the father (attachment to the father) and the self esteem, the greater is the desire to have a child. Conclusions: The desire to have a child is a lifelong construct, so the nurses by accompanying the individual's life cycle contribute to the promotion and training of parenting, namely through: evaluation and promotion of parental attachment and promotion of sexual and reproductive health. Descriptors: Young adult, parenting, attachment, self esteem

Overtraining is associated with DNA damage in blood and skeletal muscle cells of Swiss mice

Abstract: Background: The alkaline version of the single-cell gel (comet) assay is a useful method for quantifying DNA damage. Although some studies on chronic and acute effects of exercise on DNA damage measured by the comet assay have been performed, it is unknown if an aerobic training protocol with intensity, volume, and load clearly defined will improve performance without leading to peripheral blood cell DNA damage. In addition, the effects of overtraining on DNA damage are unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of aerobic training and overtraining on DNA damage in peripheral blood and skeletal muscle cells in Swiss mice. To examine possible changes in these parameters with oxidative stress, we measured reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in total blood, and GSH levels and lipid peroxidation in muscle samples. Results: Performance evaluations (i.e., incremental load and exhaustive tests) showed significant intra and inter-group differences. The overtrained (OTR) group showed a significant increase in the percentage of DNA in the tail compared with the control (C) and trained (TR) groups. GSH levels were significantly lower in the OTR group than in the C and TR groups. The OTR group had significantly higher lipid peroxidation levels compared with the C and TR groups. Conclusions Aerobic and anaerobic performance parameters can be improved in training at maximal lactate steady state during 8 weeks without leading to DNA damage in peripheral blood and skeletal muscle cells or to oxidative stress in skeletal muscle cells. However, overtraining induced by downhill running training sessions is associated with DNA damage in peripheral blood and skeletal muscle cells, and with oxidative stress in skeletal muscle cells and total blood.The present work received financial support from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP - process numbers 2011/02652-0 and 2010/08239-4). We are grateful for the support provided by Mr. Guilherme F. Alves and Luís A. L. Filho

Respostas de alguns marcadores bioquímicos de overtraining ao longo de uma periodização no futebol, relações com as performances aeróbia e anaeróbia

No esporte de alto nível, o desenvolvimento, maximização e manutenção do desempenho esportivo dependem do equilíbrio entre as cargas de trabalho (treinos e jogos) e o período destinado à recuperação do atleta. Caso esse equilíbrio não ocorra, o esportista pode desenvolver o overreaching e posteriormente o overtraining. O principal objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar as respostas de diversos parâmetros de performance, psicológicos, hormonais, bioquímicos e hematológicos relacionados ao overtraining ao longo de uma temporada competitiva desenvolvida em futebolistas profissionais. Para tanto, dezoito jogadores de futebol foram avaliados no início (T1, semana 0), meio (T2, semana 06) e fim (T3, semana 12) de uma temporada competitiva. As avaliações foram conduzidas em dois dias. No 1o dia às 7:30 am foram coletadas amostras sangüíneas (25 mL) no estado de jejum. No mesmo período, os atletas realizaram a avaliação antropométrica e psicológica. Após aproximadamente 90 min, a avaliação da performance anaeróbia lática foi realizada na pista de atletismo da Unesp - Rio Claro. No 2o dia os atletas se dirigirão às 8:30 am a pista de atletismo da Unesp - Rio Claro para realização dos testes de determinação da performance anaeróbia alática e aeróbia. A coleta da urina de 24 horas teve início no primeiro dia de avaliação. Anova one-way e Kruskal-Wallis test foram utilizados para verificar os efeitos dos diferentes períodos de treinamento nos parâmetros analisados. Para todos os casos o nível de significância pré-fixado foi 5%. Os atletas apresentaram alterações nos parâmetros de performance, psicológicos, hormonais, bioquímicos e hematológicos em resposta ao período de treinamento que foi caracterizado por incremento tanto no volume...The development, maximization and maintenance of sporting performance depend on the balance between training workloads and sufficient periods of rest. If an incorporate of high training volume and intensity occurs concomitantly with limited recovery periods into the athletes training regimen, they will risk the development of overreaching and overtraining. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the behavior of selected overtraining markers in Brazilian soccer players during a competitive season. Eighteen athletes were evaluated at the beginning (week 0, T1), in the middle (week 6, T2) and at the end (week 12, T3) of the competitive season. Measurements were carried out in two days. On the first day at 7:30 am, before the blood collecting at rest, the athletes had their anthropometric and psychological parameters assessed. After 90 min, they performed the lactic anaerobic performance evaluation. On the second day at 8:30 am, the athletes had their alactic anaerobic performance measured and, after 40 min, they completed the aerobic test. The 24-hour urinary collecting started on the first day of measurement. Anova-one way and Kruskal- Wallis test were used to verify the behavior of the overtraining markers. A significance level of 5% was chosen. The training program developed between T2 and T3 was characterized by an increment in volume and intensity and led to significant alterations in performance, psychological, hormonal, biochemical and hematological parameters... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Comportamento das concentrações séricas e urinárias de creatinina e uréia ao longo de uma periodização desenvolvida em futebolistas profissionais: relações com a taxa de filtração glomerular

As determinações de creatinina e uréia têm sido utilizadas para avaliar o impacto do treinamento físico. Portanto, o principal objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o comportamento das concentrações séricas e urinárias de creatinina e uréia em futebolistas profissionais ao longo de uma periodização. Participaram do estudo 18 jogadores de futebol que foram avaliados no início (T1), meio (T2) e fim (T3) de uma periodização específica. Os atletas foram submetidos às avaliações antropométrica e de determinação da capacidade aeróbia e da eficiência do metabolismo anaeróbio alático. As concentrações de creatinina e uréia dos atletas foram mensuradas no soro e na urina, além da taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG), determinada por três métodos distintos, sendo um independente e dois dependentes do volume urinário. A análise das respostas das variáveis em T1, T2 e T3 foi realizada por Anova one-way, seguida de post hoc de Newman-Keuls, assim como foi aplicado teste de correlação de Pearson. Para todos os casos o nível de significância prefixado foi de 5%. Houve melhora nos parâmetros aeróbio (p < 0,01) e anaeróbio alático (p < 0,01) ao longo da periodização, assim como foi verificada diminuição do volume urinário (p < 0,05) ao longo do estudo. As concentrações de creatinina apresentaram comportamento oposto quando determinadas no soro (p < 0,05) e na urina (p < 0,01) ao longo da periodização, não apresentando correlações significativas. Todos os métodos de determinação de TFG mostraram redução dos valores (p < 0,05) em resposta ao treinamento periodizado. Foram observadas correlações significativas entre todos os métodos em T1, e também em T2 e T3 apenas entre os métodos dependentes do volume urinário. de acordo com os resultados, é possível concluir que as concentrações de creatinina determinadas no soro e na urina de futebolistas profissionais foram sensíveis ao programa de treinamento desenvolvido; contudo, apresentaram comportamentos opostos. Isso provavelmente ocorreu devido à limitação metodológica da técnica de coleta de urina de 24h.Las respuestas de urea y creatinina han sido extensamente usadas para evaluar el impacto del entrenamiento físico. de ahí que el propósito de nuestro estudio ha sido el de investigar el comportamiento del suero y la creatinina urinaria y las concentraciones de urea durante el entrenamiento de fútbol. Fueron evaluados 18 jugadores brasileños de fútbol al inicio (T1), a la mitad (T2) y en el final (T3) de un programa de entrenamiento de fútbol. En los atletas se midieron la efiCiência de sus características antropométricas, capacidad aeróbica y metabolismo anaeróbico alatico. Sumadas a las medidas de suero y creatinina urinaria y concentraciones de urea, también se evaluó en los atletas la eliminación de creatinina mediante tres métodos diferentes. Mientras que el primer método fue independiente del volumen urinario, los otros fueron dependientes. Para verificar las respuestas y la correlación de datos en el programa de entrenamiento de fútbol se utilizó el test de ANOVA (one-way), seguido del coeficiente de Newman-Keuls y Pearson, producto-momento y escogimos un nivel de significancia de 5%. El programa de entrenamiento de fútbol midió un incremento en el desempeño aeróbico (p < 0.01) y un desempeño alatico anaeróbico (p < 0.01), más aún, el volumen de orina disminuyó a lo largo de la experiencia (p < 0.05). Las concentraciones de suero (p < 0.05) y creatinina urinaria (p < 0.01) presentaron un comportamiento opuesto durante el programa de entrenamiento, en contrapartida, no se observó correlación significativa entre los parámetros durante el periodo de estudio. La medición hecha de la eliminación de creatinina por los tres métodos disminuyó como respuesta al entrenamiento. Se observó correlación significativa para T1 en todos los métodos. Sin embargo, el volumen de orina dependiente del método fue correlacionado estadísticamente en T2 y T3. de acuerdo a nuestros resultados, podemos concluir que las concentraciones séricas y urinarias de creatinina fueron sensibles al programa de entrenamiento desarrollado, a pesar de haber presentado comportamiento opuesto. Esto probablemente ocurrió debido a las limitaciones del método urinario para el desempeño de creatinina y urea.The creatinine and urea responses have been extensively used to evaluate the physical training impact. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the behavior of serum and urinary creatinine and urea concentrations during a soccer training program. Eighteen Brazilian soccer players were evaluated at the beginning (T1), in the middle (T2) and at the end (T3) of a soccer training program. The athletes had their anthropometric characteristics, aerobic capacity and alactic anaerobic metabolism efficiency assessed. Besides the measurement of serum and urinary creatinine and urea concentrations, the athletes had their creatinine clearance evaluated by three different methods. While the first method was independent from the urinary volume, the others were dependent. Anova one-way test followed by Newman-Keuls and Pearson product-moment coefficient were used to verify the responses and correlations of the data to the soccer training program. A significance level of 5% was chosen. The soccer training program led to an increase in aerobic (p < 0.01) and alactic anaerobic (p < 0.01) performances, however, the urinary volume diminished along the experiment (p < 0.05). The serum (p < 0.05) and urinary (p < 0.01) creatinine concentrations presented an opposite behavior during the soccer training program, in addition, there were not observed significant correlations between this parameters in any period of the study. The creatinine clearance assessed by the three different methods decreased in response to the training (p < 0.05). Significant correlations for all methods were observed only in T1. However, the urinary volume dependent methods were statistically correlated in T2 and T3. According to results, it can concluded that the serum and urinary creatinine concentrations were sensible to the training program developed, but presented opposite behaviour. This probably occurred due the limitations of the urinary method to assay creatinine and urea

PREPARATION OF PERCENTILE TABLES THROUGH ANTHROPOMETRIC, PERFORMANCE, BIOCHEMICAL, HEMATOLOGICAL, HORMONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN PROFESSIONAL SOCCER PLAYERS

Introduction: The lack of reference values of anthropometric, performance, biochemical, hematological, hormonal and psychological parameters is an important limitation in the investigations with soccer players. Objective: To elaborate percentile tables to be used as comparison reference for further studies. Methods: 82 professional soccer players were evaluated approximately 30 days after the beginning of the main competition played by their teams. On the first day of evaluation, fast blood samples were collected for measurement of hematological parameters (i.e. erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume - MCV, mean corpuscular hemoglobin - MCH, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration - MCHC, leukocytes, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and platelets) and of concentrations of adrenaline, cortisol, creatine kinase, creatinine, norepinephrine, testosterone and urea. Subsequently, the soccer players had their anthropometric characteristics and psychological parameters assessed. In addition, the evaluation of the lactic anaerobic system efficiency was performed on a 400-m track. On the second day, both the alactic anaerobic and aerobic system efficiency was measured. Results: The percentile distribution (P-0, P-15, P-30, P-50, P-70, P-85 e P-100) was used to present the results. Conclusion: The elaboration of the percentile tables can be used as comparison reference for further studies.18314815